Public Administration Optional · Free notes
Public Administration Optional Notes Paper I & II
All 81 free Public Administration Optional notes on LotusArise, in syllabus order: 41 for Paper I (Administrative Theory) and 40 for Paper II (Indian Administration). Each note has diagrams, key terms, Indian examples and the previous year questions on its topic.
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Paper I
Public Administration Optional Paper I notes: Administrative Theory
12 units, 41 notes. Open a unit page for its syllabus and all its previous year questions, or go straight to a note.
Paper I · Unit 01
Introduction
Meaning, scope and significance; Wilson’s vision; evolution of the discipline; New Public Administration; Public Choice; LPG; good governance; New Public Management.
- 1.1aMeaning, Scope and Significance of Public Administration: Nature, Approaches, Public vs PrivateMeaning, scope and significance of Public Administration for UPSC: definitions, nature, POSDCORB, public vs private, with diagrams and all PYQs.
- 1.1bWilson’s Vision and Evolution of Public Administration: Dichotomy, Paradigms, Present StatusWilson’s 1887 essay, the politics-administration dichotomy, Henry’s paradigms and the present status of Public Administration, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.1cNew Public Administration and Public Choice Approach: Minnowbrook, Niskanen, OstromNew Public Administration (Minnowbrook I, II, III and at 50) and the Public Choice approach (Downs, Niskanen, Ostrom) for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.1dChallenges of LPG and Good Governance: Regulatory State, Governance Networks, IndiaLPG challenges for public administration, governance networks, the hollow state and good governance in India for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.1eNew Public Management and After: Reinventing Government, NPS, NPG, Digital-Era GovernanceNew Public Management, reinventing government, New Public Service, New Public Governance and digital-era governance for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 02
Administrative Thought
Scientific Management; Classical Theory; Weber and the post-Weberians; Follett; the Human Relations School; Barnard; Simon; Likert, Argyris and McGregor.
- 1.2aScientific Management and the Scientific Management Movement: Taylor, Principles, CritiqueTaylor’s scientific management, its four principles and techniques, the mental revolution, the movement and its critics for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2bClassical Theory of Administration: Fayol, Gulick–Urwick, Mooney–Reiley, Principles and CritiqueClassical theory of administration: Fayol’s principles, Gulick and Urwick’s POSDCORB, Mooney and Reiley, and Simon’s critique for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2cWeber’s Bureaucratic Model: Authority, Ideal Type, Critique and Post-Weberian DevelopmentsWeber’s types of authority and ideal-type bureaucracy, Marx, the critique of Weber, post-Weberian thinkers and the Neo-Weberian State, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2dDynamic Administration of Mary Parker Follett: Conflict, Integration, Power and CoordinationMary Parker Follett’s dynamic administration: constructive conflict, integration, power-with, law of the situation and coordination, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2eHuman Relations School: Elton Mayo, Hawthorne Studies, Informal Organisation and CritiqueElton Mayo and the Hawthorne studies, informal organisation, the human relations school, its critics and present relevance for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2fFunctions of the Executive: Chester Barnard, Cooperative System, Acceptance Theory of AuthorityChester Barnard’s cooperative system, incentives, acceptance theory of authority, zone of indifference and functions of the executive, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2gSimon’s Decision-Making Theory: Bounded Rationality, Satisficing, Fact-Value, CritiqueHerbert Simon’s decision-making theory: proverbs of administration, fact-value, bounded rationality, satisficing and critique for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.2hParticipative Management: Likert’s Four Systems, Argyris’s Immaturity–Maturity, McGregor’s Theory X and YParticipative management: Likert’s four systems and linking pin, Argyris’s immaturity-maturity theory and McGregor’s Theory X and Y, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 03
Administrative Behaviour
Process and techniques of decision-making; communication; morale; motivation theories; traditional and modern theories of leadership.
- 1.3aDecision-Making: Process, Rationality Models and TechniquesDecision-making for UPSC: types, Simon’s bounded rationality, Lindblom, Etzioni, Dror, groupthink, delegation and AI in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.3bCommunication and Morale in Administration: Barnard, Deutsch, Grapevine, ProductivityCommunication and morale in administration for UPSC: Barnard, Simon, Deutsch, networks, grapevine, barriers, morale and productivity, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.3cMotivation Theories: Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, Equity and Public Service MotivationContent, process and contemporary motivation theories, from Maslow and Herzberg to equity, PSM and Indian civil services, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.3dTheories of Leadership: Trait, Behavioural, Contingency and Transformational ModelsLeadership theories from trait and charisma to the Managerial Grid, Fiedler, Reddin 3-D and transformational leadership for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 04
Organisations
Systems and contingency theories; ministries, corporations, companies, boards and commissions; headquarters–field relations; regulators; PPPs.
- 1.4aSystems and Contingency Theories of Organisation: Open Systems, Fit and Indian PracticeSystems and contingency theories: open systems, Katz–Kahn, Easton, Burns–Stalker, Woodward, Lawrence–Lorsch, India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.4bStructure and Forms of Public Organisations: Departments, Corporations, Field AdministrationMinistries, corporations, companies, boards, ad hoc bodies, headquarters–field relations and decentralisation in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.4cRegulatory Authorities and PPPs: Regulatory State, Capture Theory and PPP ModelsRegulatory state, theories of regulation, Indian regulators, 2nd ARC, PPP models, HAM, VGF and the Kelkar Committee for UPSC, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 05
Accountability and Control
Accountability and control; legislative, executive and judicial control; citizen and administration; media, interest groups, civil society; charters, RTI, social audit.
- 1.5aAccountability and Control: Legislative, Executive and Judicial Control over AdministrationAccountability concepts, Friedrich–Finer, and legislative, executive and judicial control over administration in India and abroad, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.5bCitizen and Administration: Media, Interest Groups, NGOs and Civil SocietyCitizen-centric administration, Arnstein’s ladder, media as fourth estate, interest groups, NGOs, FCRA and civil society, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.5cCitizen’s Charters, RTI and Social Audit: Sevottam, RTI Act 2005 and Social AccountabilityCitizen’s Charters, Sevottam, the RTI Act 2005 and its amendments, and social audit under MGNREGA and VB-G RAM G, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 06
Administrative Law
Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on administrative law; delegated legislation; administrative tribunals.
- 1.6aAdministrative Law: Meaning, Scope, Dicey’s Rule of Law and Droit AdministratifAdministrative law’s meaning, scope and significance, Dicey’s rule of law, droit administratif, natural justice and discretion, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.6bDelegated Legislation: Types, Excessive Delegation and Parliamentary and Judicial ControlsDelegated legislation: growth, types, excessive delegation cases, parliamentary, judicial and procedural controls, India-UK-US, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.6cAdministrative Tribunals: Articles 323A–323B, CAT, Key Judgments and Tribunal ReformsAdministrative tribunals: court vs tribunal, Franks, Articles 323A–323B, CAT, Chandra Kumar to the Tribunals Reforms Act 2026, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 07
Comparative Public Administration
Factors shaping administrative systems; administration in different countries; current status of CPA; ecology; Riggsian models and their critique.
- 1.7aComparative Public Administration: Ecology, Heady’s Approaches and Current StatusComparative Public Administration: Dahl, CAG, Heady’s approaches, country systems, Gaus and Riggs on ecology, decline and revival, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.7bRiggsian Models: Prismatic Society, Sala Model, Formalism and CritiqueRiggs’s fused-prismatic-diffracted and sala models, formalism, bazaar-canteen, the 1973 revision, critics, Weber and Heady, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 08
Development Dynamics
Concept of development; development administration; the anti-development thesis; bureaucracy and development; state versus market; women and SHGs.
- 1.8aDevelopment Administration: Concept of Development, Changing Profile and Anti-Development ThesisConcept of development, Weidner and Riggs, administrative development, changing profile and the anti-development thesis, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.8bBureaucracy and Development: State versus Market, Washington Consensus and LiberalisationBureaucracy and development, developmental state, Washington Consensus, WDR 1997 and liberalisation’s impact on administration, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.8cWomen and Development: WID to GAD, Gender Budgeting and the Self-Help Group MovementWID, WAD and GAD, Moser and Kabeer, gender budgeting, women’s reservation, NABARD and DAY-NRLM SHGs and their critiques, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 09
Personnel Administration
HRD; recruitment, training, promotion and pay; discipline and appraisal; employer–employee relations; grievance redressal; code of conduct; ethics.
- 1.9aRecruitment, Training and Promotion: HRD, Lateral Entry, Mission Karmayogi and Pay CommissionsRecruitment, training, Mission Karmayogi, position classification, promotion, reservation judgments and 7th/8th CPC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.9bDiscipline, Appraisal and Employee Relations: Article 311, APAR, Whitleyism and JCMDiscipline under Article 311, minor and major penalties, APAR and 360° appraisal, Whitleyism, JCM and CPGRAMS, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.9cAdministrative Ethics: Theories, Dilemmas, Nolan Principles and Indian FrameworksAdministrative ethics: theories, Cooper, Waldo, Rohr, dirty hands, Nolan, 2nd ARC, Lokpal, codes of ethics vs conduct, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 10
Public Policy
Models of policy-making and their critique; conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation; state theories and policy.
- 1.10aModels of Policy-Making: Rational, Incremental, Kingdon’s Streams and State TheoriesModels of policy-making with critique: rational, Simon, Lindblom, Etzioni, Dror, Kingdon, ACF, state theories, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.10bPolicy Process: Agenda-Setting, Implementation, Monitoring and EvaluationPolicy process from agenda-setting to review: Pressman–Wildavsky, top-down vs bottom-up, PRAGATI, DMEO and evaluation, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 11
Techniques of Administrative Improvement
Organisation and methods; work study and work management; e-governance and IT; network analysis, MIS, PERT and CPM.
- 1.11aO&M, Work Study and Management Tools: Network Analysis, PERT, CPM and MISO&M, work study, MBO, network analysis, PERT, CPM and MIS with Indian examples like PRAGATI and CSMOP 2022, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.11bE-Governance and Information Technology: Models, Digital India and ChallengesE-governance and IT: e-government vs e-governance, stage models, NeGP, Digital India, India Stack, Heeks, privacy, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper I · Unit 12
Financial Administration
Monetary and fiscal policy; public borrowing and debt; types and forms of budgets; the budgetary process; financial accountability; accounts and audit.
- 1.12aMonetary and Fiscal Policy: Inflation Targeting, FRBM and Public Debt in IndiaMonetary and fiscal policy, MPC and inflation targeting, FRBM and the debt anchor, public borrowing and debt theory, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.12bBudgets and Budgetary Process: Types, Wildavsky, ZBB, Outcome Budgeting and IndiaBudget types and forms, Wildavsky’s incrementalism, PPBS, ZBB, outcome budgeting and India’s budget cycle, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 1.12cFinancial Accountability, Accounts and Audit: CAG, PAC and Performance AuditFinancial accountability, accounts and audit: CGA, PAC, Estimates Committee, COPU, CAG, performance audit and accrual accounting, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II
Public Administration Optional Paper II notes: Indian Administration
14 units, 40 notes. Open a unit page for its syllabus and all its previous year questions, or go straight to a note.
Paper II · Unit 01
Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilya’s Arthashastra; Mughal administration; legacy of British rule: Indianisation of services, revenue, district and local self-government.
- 2.1aKautilya’s Arthashastra: Saptanga, Administration, Mandala and RelevanceKautilya’s Arthashastra: saptanga, king, ministers, upadha tests, 40 ways of embezzlement, mandala, Weber and Machiavelli, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.1bMughal Administration: Mansabdari, Revenue System, District Tiers and LegacyMughal administration notes: centralised despotism, central ministers, mansabdari, suba to village tiers, zabt revenue and legacy, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.1cLegacy of British Rule: Indianisation of Services, Revenue, District and Local GovernmentBritish legacy in Indian administration: Acts 1773–1947, ICS Indianisation, land settlements, Collector and Ripon’s reforms, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 02
Philosophical and Constitutional Framework of Government
Salient features and value premises of the Constitution; constitutionalism; political culture; bureaucracy and democracy; bureaucracy and development.
- 2.2aSalient Features of the Indian Constitution: Preamble, Federalism, Rights and ReservationPreamble, sources, federalism, parliamentary system, rights, directives, reservation and socialism in Indian administration, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.2bConstitutionalism and Political Culture: Basic Structure, Civic Culture and BureaucracyConstitutionalism in India, basic structure, constitutional morality, Almond-Verba, Indian political culture and administrative culture, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.2cBureaucracy, Democracy and Development: Political Executive, Committed Bureaucracy, ReformBureaucracy and democracy, political vs permanent executive, committed bureaucracy, and bureaucracy in development, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 03
Public Sector Undertakings
Public sector in modern India; forms of PSUs; autonomy, accountability and control; impact of liberalisation and privatisation.
- 2.3aPublic Sector Undertakings: Forms, Autonomy, Accountability and the MoU SystemPSUs in India: rationale, forms, DPE, Ratna status, ministerial, parliamentary, CAG and judicial control, MoU and the autonomy dilemma, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.3bLiberalisation, Privatisation and Disinvestment of PSUs: Policy, DIPAM and NPSE 2021India’s disinvestment journey from 1991 to IDBI Bank, privatisation forms, NPSE 2021, asset monetisation and global models, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 04
Union Government and Administration
Executive, Parliament and Judiciary; recent trends; Cabinet Secretariat, PMO and Central Secretariat; ministries, boards, commissions and field offices.
- 2.4aUnion Executive: President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and CabinetPresident’s powers and position, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Cabinet Committees and Business Rules in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.4bParliament and Judiciary: Committees, Judicial Review, Collegium and Recent TrendsParliament and judiciary: structure, committees, Money Bills, judicial review, PIL, collegium, pendency and recent trends, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.4cPMO, Cabinet Secretariat and Central Secretariat: Evolution, Coordination and ReformsPMO, Cabinet Secretariat and Central Secretariat: evolution, Cabinet Secretary, tenure system, file levels, ARC reforms and Seva Teerth, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.4dMinistries, Departments and Field Organisations: Boards, Commissions and Attached OfficesUnion ministries, departments, boards, commissions, attached offices, field organisations and inter-state water disputes, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 05
Plans and Priorities
Machinery of planning; Planning Commission, NDC and NITI Aayog; indicative planning; plan formulation; the 1992 amendments and decentralised planning.
- 2.5aPlanning Machinery in India: Planning Commission, NDC, NITI Aayog and Indicative PlanningPlanning Commission, NDC, NITI Aayog, indicative planning and plan formulation at Union and State levels, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.5bDecentralised Planning in India: 73rd–74th Amendments, DPCs, GPDP and Social JusticeDecentralised planning after 1992: Articles 243G, 243ZD, 243ZE, DPCs, MPCs, Kerala model, GPDP, VGPPs and reform committees, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 06
State Government and Administration
Union–State relations; the Finance Commission; Governor, Chief Minister and Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary, State Secretariat and directorates.
- 2.6aUnion–State Relations: Legislative, Administrative, Financial Relations and GSTUnion–State relations: lists, Art. 356, GST Council, grants, borrowing, Sarkaria and Punchhi, cooperative federalism, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.6bFinance Commission and Fiscal Federalism: Devolution, 16th FC and State Finance CommissionsFinance Commission notes: Article 280, devolution criteria, 14th–16th FCs, cesses, Article 293 and State Finance Commissions, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.6cGovernor, Chief Minister and Council of Ministers: Discretion, Assent and State ExecutiveGovernor’s powers and discretion, assent rulings, Chief Minister and State Council of Ministers in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.6dChief Secretary, State Secretariat and Directorates: Roles, Structure and ReformsChief Secretary, State Secretariat and Directorates: roles, tenure, structure, generalist–specialist debate and ARC reforms, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 07
District Administration since Independence
Changing role of the Collector; Union–State–local relations; development management and law and order; democratic decentralisation.
- 2.7aThe District Collector: Changing Role, Development Management and Law and OrderDistrict Collector notes: origin, roles under BNSS and DM Act, development vs law and order, 2nd ARC reforms, issues, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.7bDistrict Administration and Democratic Decentralisation: Zilla Parishad and CollectorDistrict administration and democratic decentralisation: structure, committees, Collector and Zilla Parishad, Union–State–local ties, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 08
Civil Services
Constitutional position; structure, recruitment, training and capacity building; good governance initiatives; conduct and grievances; neutrality and activism.
- 2.8aCivil Services in India: Constitutional Position, All India Services, UPSC and RecruitmentPart XIV safeguards, All India Services, UPSC and SPSCs, the Civil Services Examination and lateral entry in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.8bCivil Service Training and Capacity Building: LBSNAA, Mid-Career and Mission KarmayogiCivil service training in India: LBSNAA, mid-career training, National Training Policy, Mission Karmayogi and the CBC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.8cGood Governance Initiatives and Civil Service Reforms: Performance and AccountabilityAPAR, RFD, FR 56(j), Sevottam, Right to Services, PRAGATI, Jan Vishwas and 2nd ARC reforms of India’s civil services, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.8dCivil Service Conduct and Discipline: Staff Associations, Political Rights, GrievancesCivil service conduct rules, discipline, Article 311, JCM, political rights, CAT, CPGRAMS and Lokpal in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.8eCivil Service Neutrality and Activism: Committed Bureaucracy and Whistle-blowingCivil service neutrality and activism in India: anonymity, Masterman, committed bureaucracy, T.S.R. Subramanian, whistle-blowing, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 09
Financial Management
Budget as a political instrument; parliamentary control of expenditure; the Finance Ministry; accounting techniques; audit; the CGA and the CAG.
- 2.9aBudget, Parliamentary Control and Finance Ministry: Cut Motions, PAC and Fiscal RoleBudget as a political instrument, parliamentary control through cut motions, guillotine and PAC, and the Finance Ministry’s role, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.9bCAG, CGA and Audit in India: Accounting Techniques, Audit Types and ReformsAccounting techniques, CGA, CAG’s powers, audit types, overreach debates and reforms in Indian financial management, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 10
Administrative Reforms since Independence
Major concerns; important committees and commissions; reforms in financial management and HRD; problems of implementation.
- 2.10aAdministrative Reforms in India: Major Concerns, Implementation Problems, Recent ReformsAdministrative reform in India: meaning, phases since 1947, major concerns, implementation problems, Karmayogi and Jan Vishwas, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.10bAdministrative Reform Commissions in India: ARCs, Pay Commissions, Finance and HRD ReformsFirst and Second ARC, Appleby, Santhanam, Hota, pay commissions, FRBM, DBT, Mission Karmayogi and lateral entry, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 11
Rural Development
Institutions and agencies since Independence; rural development programmes, foci and strategies; Panchayati Raj; the 73rd Amendment.
- 2.11aRural Development in India: Institutions, Programmes, MGNREGA to VB–G RAM GRural development in India: institutions, CDP to IRDP, MGNREGA to VB–G RAM G, NRLM, PMAY-G, PMGSY, and evaluation, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.11bPanchayati Raj and the 73rd Amendment: PESA, 3Fs, Gram Sabha and PRI ReformsPanchayati Raj and the 73rd Amendment: Part IX, PESA, the 3Fs, SFCs, the Gram Sabha, proxy sarpanches and 2nd ARC reforms, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 12
Urban Local Government
Municipal governance: features, structures, finance and problems; the 74th Amendment; global–local debate; new localism; city management.
- 2.12aMunicipal Governance and the 74th Amendment: Structures, Finance and ProblemsMunicipal governance in India: 74th Amendment, Mayor vs Commissioner, municipal finance, bonds, CAG findings and reforms, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.12bGlobal–Local Debate and New Localism: City Management and Metropolitan GovernanceGlobal–local debate, new localism, metro governance, smart cities, mayor vs commissioner and 2026 urban reforms in India, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 13
Law and Order Administration
British legacy; National Police Commission; investigative agencies; central and state agencies including paramilitary forces; criminalisation; police reforms.
- 2.13aLaw and Order Administration: British Legacy, Police Commissions, Investigative AgenciesPolice Act 1861, the National Police Commission, later committees, CBI, NIA, ED and investigation under BNSS, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.13bCentral and State Security Agencies: CAPFs, AFSPA, Terrorism and CriminalisationCAPFs, NIA, MAC, AFSPA, LWE strategy, terror laws and criminalisation of politics: judgments, committees and 2026 updates, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.13cPolice–Public Relations and Police Reforms: Trust, Community Policing and Prakash SinghPolice–public relations and police reforms in India: trust deficit, community policing, Prakash Singh directives, accountability, with diagrams and PYQs.
Paper II · Unit 14
Significant Issues in Indian Administration
Values in public service; regulatory commissions; NHRC; coalition regimes; citizen–administration interface; corruption; disaster management.
- 2.14aValues in Public Service, Regulatory Commissions and the NHRC: Nolan, SEBI and TRAIValues in public service, Nolan and 2nd ARC codes, SEBI, TRAI and regulator independence, NHRC powers and limits, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.14bCoalition Regimes and the Citizen–Administration Interface: Sevottam and CPGRAMSCoalition government’s impact on administration and the citizen–administration interface: Sevottam, charters, CPGRAMS, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.14cCorruption and Administration: Causes, Lokpal, CVC and Anti-Corruption LawsCorruption in Indian administration: Klitgaard, Myrdal, CVC, Lokpal, Lokayuktas, PC Act 2018, UNCAC and 2nd ARC, with diagrams and PYQs.
- 2.14dDisaster Management in India: DM Act 2005 and 2025 Amendment, Sendai, Disaster FinanceDisaster management in India: concepts, cycle, Sendai, DM Act 2005 and 2025 amendment, NDMA, finance, Odisha model and recent lessons, with diagrams and PYQs.