Philosophy Optional · Previous year questions
Philosophy Optional PYQs Topic-wise 1990–2026
Every question in the LotusArise Philosophy PYQ book, from 1990 to 2026, 1,338 in all, sorted into the 40 syllabus units and their sub-topics, newest first within each.
1,338
Questions
40
Syllabus units
818
Since 2013
37
Years covered
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Paper I
Philosophy Optional Paper I PYQs: History and Problems of Philosophy
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Section A: Western Philosophy
1A-01 · Plato and Aristotle · 42 questions
42 questions · 24 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Theory of Forms
12 questions
2025“Ideas are timeless and spaceless.” Elucidate this statement with reference to Plato. (10 marks)2022How does Plato use the theory of forms to establish the realtion between epistemology and metaphysics? Discuss. (10 marks)2021“There is a red chair.” How would Plato explain this statement with the use of his theory of forms? Examine. (10 marks)2017In what sense can ideas be both immanent and transcendent? Discuss in this context Plato’s theory of universals and particulars. (10 marks)2016Does Plato’s “Theory of Form’ explain the ‘change’ and ‘sensibility’ of matter? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)2015Explain Plato’s theory of forms. Does it entail a kind of essentialism? Discuss. (20 marks)2013Explain Plato’s ontological theory of Forms. Is ‘knowledge’ one of the Forms? Give reasons. (12.5 marks)2011How does Plato relate the world of ideas to the empirical world? Discuss (15 marks)2004State and discuss Plato’s theory of forms (60 marks)2000Plato’s theory of Ideas (20 marks)1998Explain and examine Plato’s theory of ideas (60 marks)1990Plato’s theory of Ideas (20 marks)
Causation
6 questions
2022Is Aristotle’s view of nature of identity in consonance with his metaphysical view of causes as processes? Discuss giving suitable examples. (15 marks)2019What are the reasons for development changes in substance according to Aristotle? Discuss. (15 marks)2014Explain the significance of Aristotle’s doctrine of form and matter in his theory of causation. (15 marks)2010How does Aristotle’s notion of causation defer from the modern notion of causation (15 marks)2008Aristotle’s teleological conception of causation (20 marks)2000Aristotle’s theory of causality (20 marks)
Substance
5 questions
2026What, according to Aristotle, is the fundamental problem of metaphysics? Discuss this in relation with Aristotle’s account of the essence of the world, where he rejects the views of both the Atomists and Plato. (20 marks)2016Does Aristotle treat matter as a ‘Substance’? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)2013Discuss how by refuting the different concepts of substances Aristotle establishes his own theory of substance. (10 marks)2003‘A universal exists only in the particular. Discuss in this connection Aristotle’s notion of universal and the idea of substance that follows it (60 marks)1999Aristotle’s arguments for his theory of substance (60 marks)
Actuality and Potentiality
4 questions
2026Compare and contrast the notion of entelechy as presented in Aristotle’s and Leibniz’s philosophy. (10 marks)2023Present an exposition of Aristotle’s distinction between actuality and potentiality. Does it provide a solution to the problem of being and becoming as presented in ancient Greek philosophy? Discuss with suitable examples. (15 marks)2021“Potentiality is indefinable” according to Aristotle. Explain the relationship between potentiality and actuality with reference to the above philosophical position by taking the example of a “wooden table”. (10 marks)2015Aristotle’s distinction between actually’ and ‘potentiality’. (10 marks)
Form and Matter
4 questions
2025“In the empirical world, everything is a compound of Matter and Form.” Evaluate this statement with reference to Aristotle. (10 marks)2020How does Aristotle argue for the priority of Form over Matter and Actuality over Potentiality? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2017Explain Aristotle’s theory of form and matter. How does it help him resolve the problem of change and permanence? (15 marks)2006Discuss the theory of matter’ according to Aristotle (20 marks)
Aristotle’s Critique of Plato
3 questions
2018Is the relation between the Idea and the World as discussed by Plato logically consistent? Discuss Aristotle’s views regarding this and also give arguments in favour of your answer. (15 marks)2012Discuss Aristotle’s metaphysical theory as a polemic Plato’s theory of ideas (15 marks)1999Explain Plato’s theory of ideas and evaluate Aristotle’s argument against it (60 marks)
Plato vs Aristotle
2 questions
2024Differentiate between Plato’s and Aristotle’s conceptions of form. (10 marks)2002While Plato’s metaphysics is a visionary one, Aristotle’s metaphysics is a descriptive one! Explain fully giving the essential differences between the views of the two thinkers regarding the nature of reality. (60 marks)
Allegory of the Cave
2 questions
2019What does Plato want to prove by his ‘Allegory of Cave’? (10 marks)2009Comment on – Plato’s analogy of the cave and its significance in his theory of knowledge (20 marks)
Knowledge and Opinion
2 questions
2014Distinguish between knowledge and belief according to Plato. How is it based on his metaphysics ? Explain. (20 marks)2005Distinction between opinion and knowledge (20 marks)
Recollection Theory
1 question
2007Plato’s recollection theory of knowledge (20 marks)
Plato’s Legacy
1 question
1993It has been said that the entire western philosophical tradition consists of footnotes to Plato’s teachings. Evaluate this statement critically with illustrations wherever necessary (20 marks)
1A-02 · Rationalism: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz · 55 questions
55 questions · 25 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Spinoza · Substance
11 questions
2025“All determination is negation.” Comment with reference to Spinoza. (15 marks)2024How does Spinoza establish that God alone is absolutely real with his statement— “Whatever is, is in God”? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2022Discuss the concept of substance according to Spinoza. Does his discussion on substance lead to pantheism? Substantiate your view. (15 marks)2020“From the necessity of the divine nature there must follow infinitely many ways.” Explain this statement by Spinoza along with some possible criticisms. (15 marks)2012If ‘every determination is negation’ then how can Substance have attributes? Explain (15 marks)2010Why does Spinoza think that God alone is absolutely real? Explain (20 marks)2006Explain Spinoza’s theory of Substance (60 marks)2005Spinoza’s conception of the Ultimate Substance (20 marks)2002State and critically examine Spinoza’s doctrine of the identity of the Substance, God and nature (60 marks)1998Explain Spinoza’s concept of the Absolute and compare it with the Brahman of Samkara (60 marks)1997Explain the nature of substance and its relation to attributes according to Spinoza (60 marks)
Leibniz · Monads
7 questions
2026Compare and contrast the notion of entelechy as presented in Aristotle’s and Leibniz’s philosophy. (10 marks)2012Does Monadology sufficiently explain the nature of Substance? Are monads independent of each other? Explain (15 marks)2009Compare the views of Leibnitz and Hume on the concept of substance (30 marks)2008Explain Leibnitz’s notion of monad. Can monad be regarded as a basic particular in the Strawsonian sense? (60 marks)2000Monadology of Leibniz (20 marks)1999The monadism of Leibniz is the climax of the western rationalistic thought.” Present your own view after discussing this statement (60 marks)1990Explain the views of Leibniz concerning substances, called monads (60 marks)
Descartes · Method
5 questions
2025What are the basic tenets of Rationalism? How does Descartes build a system of Philosophy in consonance with them? Discuss. (20 marks)2013Explain Descartes’ method of doubt. Can this method be used to justify his belief in the existence of God? Argue your case. (12.5 marks)2000Descartes’ method of doubt (20 marks)1998Explain Cartesian method and evaluate its contribution to the development of human knowledge (60 marks)1990Descartes Method of Doubt (20 marks)
Spinoza · Freedom
5 questions
2023“That thing is said to be free which exists solely from the necessity of its own nature, and is determined to action by itself alone-” Discuss Spinoza’s views on freedom and determinism in the light of the above statement. (10 marks)2019What do you understand by Spinoza’s statement that what is, cannot be other than what it is? Explain. (15 marks)2013Write a short critical essay on Spinoza’s conception of freedom of the individual. (12.5 marks)2011Is the concept of freedom consistent with the theory of determinism of Spinoza? Support your answer with arguments (30 marks)2009Compare the views of Spinoza and Sartre on Freedom (30 marks)
Descartes · Cogito
5 questions
2022How does Rene Descartes explain the notion of certainty with reference to knowledge of the self? Critically discuss the way it differs from the knowledge of the world. (15 marks)2015Does Descartes Cogito principle entail that he is an essentialist? Discuss. (15 marks)2012How does Descartes’ ‘ cogito ergo sum’ affect Hume and Kant’s transcendental philosophy? Explain (12 marks)2004I think, therefore I am (20 marks)1997I think, therefore I am. (20 marks)
Leibniz · Harmony
5 questions
2020How does Leibniz’s conception of monads bear upon his views on determinism and freedom? Discuss with your own comments. (10 marks)2018Is there any place for freedom in Leibniz’s philosophy, when he speaks of “pre-established harmony’? Discuss. (10 marks)2014Does Leibniz’s theory of pre-established harmony necessarily lead to determinism ? Discuss. (10 marks)2012Does Leibnitz succeed in combining the mechanical with the teleological view of the world? Explain his theory of Pre- Established Harmony (15 marks)1992Everything in the universe is so perfectly timed and so harmonious : God must be a mathematician (20 marks)
Descartes · Dualism
5 questions
2014Explain the doctrine of Cartesian dualism and examine critically arguments in favour of it. (15 marks)2009Interactionism in the philosophical context (20 marks)2006Discuss Descarte’s Dualism (60 marks)2005Mind and Body as two interacting substances (20 marks)1998Interactionism. (20 marks)
Rationalists · Comparative
4 questions
2024Among the rationalists, whose account of mind-body problem is compatible with the notion of human freedom and free will? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2018What is the reason for the difference in the definitions and classifications of substances made by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz in spite of the fact that they all belonged to the rationalist school of thought? Discuss. (20 marks)2016Discuss the various stances on God taken by Rationalists and Empiricists. (15 marks)1997State, explain and discuss the various theories in traditional European philosophy regarding the relationship of body and mind (60 marks)
Descartes · Knowledge
3 questions
2023Discuss Descartes’ theory of innate ideas and the grounds on which Locke refutes it. (15 marks)2019How does Descartes prove the existence of things other than himself and God? Discuss. (10 marks)2017What, according to Descartes, is a ‘clear and distinct idea’? What is the epistemological status of clear and distinct ideas? Does this account help Descartes prove that material objects exist? Explain. (15 marks)
Leibniz · Indiscernibles
2 questions
2015Explain Leibnitz’s principle of ‘identity of indiscernibles’. (15 marks)2013Give a critical account of Leibnitz’s’ principle of the identity of indiscernibles. (12.5 marks)
Descartes · God
2 questions
2011Why does Descartes not doubt the existence of God? Explain (15 marks)1997The idea of an all-perfect, omnipotent being implies also that it or He exists (20 marks)
Spinoza · Mind-Body
1 question
2026How does Spinoza explain the relationship between states of mind and bodily processes? (10 marks)
1A-03 · Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, Hume · 52 questions
52 questions · 23 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Berkeley · Idealism
10 questions
2024Is rejection of Locke’s notion of primary qualities instrumental in Berkeley’s leaning towards idealism? In this context, also discuss how Berkeley’s subjective idealism is different from the absolute idealism proposed by Hegel. (20 marks)2021“Sensible things are those only which are immediately perceived by sense.” Explain Berkeley’s theory of knowledge with reference to the above statement. (10 marks)2018How does Berkeley establish that Mind and its ideas alone are real? How do Moore and Russell react to Berkeley’s view in this regard? Do you find any difference between Moore’s reaction and Russell’s one? Discuss. (20 marks)2015esse est percipi. (10 marks)2012If ‘to be is to be perceived’ then how does Berkeley explain the permanence of things? (15 marks)2010What metaphysical implications can be derived from Berkeley’s statement “Esse Est Percipi (30 marks)2009To be is to be perceived”. Discuss (20 marks)2003To be is to be perceived (20 marks)2000Esse est percipi.” (20 marks)1995To be is to be Perceived.” Elaborate the import of this statement. Does it lead to subjective idealism? Support your answer with argument (60 marks)
Hume · Causation
8 questions
2025Examine Hume’s refutation of Causal relation and Kant’s response to it. (15 marks)2023Critically analyse Hume’s argument that causality is a matter of habit/custom involving psychological principle of association. (20 marks)2021“The relation between cause and effect is one of constant conjunction”. Examine Hume’s “criticism of causation in the light of the above statement. (10 marks)2019Is there any element of necessity in causal relations according to Hume? Discuss. (15 marks)2016Critically examine Hume’s views on the relation of cause and effect. (15 marks)2014Evaluate critically Hume’s criticism of theory of causation. (15 marks)1999Explain and examine Hume’s theory of causality. (60 marks)1993Hume’s doctrine of causality (20 marks)
Empiricism · General
7 questions
2016Discuss the various stances on God taken by Rationalists and Empiricists. (15 marks)2011What, according to Empiricists is the concept of Substance? Discuss (20 marks)1996Distinction between solipsism and scepticism (20 marks)1994Explain and examine Empiricist theory of Knowledge (60 marks)1991‘Empiricism eluminates into scepticism.’ Explain and examine the statement (60 marks)1990No empirical proposition is ever certain. Comment (60 marks)1990Discuss Empiricism in respect of attainment and ascertainment of Knowledge (60 marks)
Locke · Knowledge
5 questions
2026Explain the distinction between Intuitive knowledge and Demonstrative knowledge as propounded by Locke. (10 marks)2022Why and how does John Locke refute the innate ideas? Elucidate the nature and source of knowledge in Locke’s epistemology. (15 marks)2012John Locke said that ‘ No man’s knowledge can go beyond his experience’. Discuss critically the implications of this statement (12 marks)2006Explain the theory of knowledge according to Locke (20 marks)1998Discuss Locke’s criticism of theory of innate ideas and trace out the development of empiricism in the western philosophy after Locke (60 marks)
Hume · Scepticism
5 questions
2017Show how Hume’s analysis of experience leaves no ground for belief in any permanent reality either physical or mental. (10 marks)2012Was Hume skeptic? If not then what is his contribution to philosophy? (15 marks)2010Does Hume deny the possibility of knowledge? Discuss (15 marks)2006Discuss Hume’s Scepticism (60 marks)2002Hume’s Phenomenalism (20 marks)
Hume · Self
4 questions
2020“I never can catch myself at any time without perception, and never can observe anything but the perception.” How does this statement by Hume problematize the philosophical notion of personal identity? How does Kant deal with this problem in his Critique of Pure Reason? (20 marks)2013Give a critical account of Hume’s theory of the Self. (12.5 marks)2000Examine Hume’s view of personal identity. (60 marks)1999Evaluate Hume’s theory of personal identity (60 marks)
Hume · Knowledge
3 questions
2026How does Hume account for ideas of reason? How does Kant respond to Hume’s views in this regard? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2018Are the two truths-“The Sun will rise tomorrow” and ‘2+2-4′ of the same necessity for Hume? Give reasons in favour of your answer. (10 marks)2008Hume and Kant on metaphysics (20 marks)
Locke · Qualities
3 questions
2017How does Locke draw a distinction between primary and secondary qualities? Does he also draw a distinction between the idea of primary qualities and primary qualities as well as the idea of secondary qualities and secondary qualities? Discuss. (20 marks)2016What is the logical necessity for Locke to introduce the concept of secondary qualities? Give reasons for your answer. (10 marks)2012Critically examine John Locke’s categorization of primary and secondary qualities and explain the problem it posed for later empiricist (15 marks)
Locke · Substance
2 questions
2013Examine John Locke’s theory of substance. (12.5 marks)2007State and discuss Locke’s views on Substance (60 marks)
Hume · Induction
2 questions
2004Hume’s views on Induction (20 marks)1995Hume’s arguments against induction (20 marks)
Berkeley · Abstract Ideas
1 question
2025Explain Berkeley’s doctrine of nominalism and his refutation of Abstract ideas. (15 marks)
Locke · Personal Identity
1 question
2021Examine the concept of personal identity by Locke. (10 marks)
Leibniz and Hume
1 question
2009Compare the view of Leibnitz and Hume on the concept of substance (30 marks)
1A-04 · Immanuel Kant · 43 questions
43 questions · 21 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Synthetic a priori
8 questions
2023What are the main arguments offered by Kant to prove that apriori synthetic are judgments possible? Discuss with examples. (10 marks)2017How is ‘all bodies are extended’ an analytic judgement but ‘all bodies are heavy a synthetic judgement? Is ‘every event has a cause an analytic or a synthetic judgement? Explain. (20 marks)2014How are the synthetic a priori judgements justifiable according to Kant? Explain. (10 marks)2007Nature of synthetic a-priory judgment according to Kant (20 marks)2003How is synthetic a-priori judgment possible? (20 marks)1999According to Kant, how are synthetic a priori judgements in the sciences possible.’ Explain (60 marks)1997Are synthetic a priori judgements possible? Evaluate Kant’s answer and show its importance in his philosophy (60 marks)1994Can synthetic truths be known a priori? If so, must such Knowledge be Knowledge of universal and necessary truths? In this context critically consider Kant’s view (60 marks)
Kant and Hume
6 questions
2026How does Hume account for ideas of reason? How does Kant respond to Hume’s views in this regard? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2024How does Kant respond to Hume’s scepticism with regard to a priori judgments? Discuss. (10 marks)2013State Kant’s view of causality. How far is Kant able to answer Hume’s objection that causal relation lacks logical necessity? (12.5 marks)2011Hume aroused me from my dogmatic slumber”. In what context Kant has made this statement? Explain (20 marks)2008Hume and Kant on Metaphysics (20 marks)2005How does Kant respond to Hume’s scepticism? (60 marks)
Space and Time
6 questions
2022What is apperception, according to Immanuel Kant? Discuss with reference to his transcendental exposition of space and time. (10 marks)2019How does Kant argue for the transcendence of Space and Time? Discuss. (20 marks)2017Elaborate Kant’s theory of space and time. How does this theory enable him to explain how mathematical propositions can be both synthetic and a priori? (20 marks)2010What is the basic difference between Leibniz and Kant on the concept of space and time? (30 marks)1996What do you understand by Kant’s claim that space and time are forms of pure intuition? Explain the arguments he gives in support of his position in this regard (60 marks)1990Give a critical account of Kant’s theory about space and time (60 marks)
Proofs of God
5 questions
2024Critically examine Kant’s objections against the ontological argument for the existence of God. (15 marks)2021Explain how Cartesian formulation of ontological argument is criticized by Kant. (15 marks)2010Why does Kant say that existence is not a predicate? (15 marks)2006Explain Kant’s criticism of the proofs for the existence of God (20 marks)2000State and examine Kant’s criticism of the proofs for the existence of God. (60 marks)
Critical Philosophy
5 questions
2023“Percepts without concepts are blind and concepts without percepts are empty.” In the light of this statement discusses how Kant reconciles rationalism with empiricism. (10 marks)2012Why Kant’s philosophy known as Copernicus revolution in metaphysics? What was revolutionary about Kantian philosophy? Give reasons for it (15 marks)2002Kant’s “Critical Philosophy” is a reconciliation between Rationalism and Empiricism. Elucidate the remark fully and bring out the consequence of such reconciliation for the possibility of traditional metaphysics (60 marks)1997How Kant reconciles rationalism with empiricism by superseding them? (60 marks)1993Knowledge begins with, but does not originate from experience.” Discuss this statement of Kant with special reference to his theory of Knowledge (60 marks)
Categories
4 questions
2018Explain the significance of the Kantian dictum, ‘Understanding makes Nature’. How far do you agree that Hegel’s Absolutism is the culmination of the Kantian Dualism? Discuss. Give reasons in favour of your answer. (15 marks)2016What, according to Kant, are ‘pure concepts’? Examine their role in the process of knowing. (15 marks)2015Explain Kant’s division of categories. (20 marks)1995Doctrine of transcendental deduction (20 marks)
Antinomies
3 questions
2022How does Kant construct and antinomies to illustrate the illusory tendencies of pure reason? Explain and examine the antinomies presented by Kant. (20 marks)2020When does Pure Reason enter into the realm of Antinomies according to Kant? Is Kant’s notion of Antinomies of Pure reason a natural culmination of his distinction between Phenomena and Noumena: provide reasons in favour of your answer. (15 marks)2013What is an antinomy? Describe the major antinomies discussed by Kant. (10 marks)
Transcendental Self
2 questions
2020“I never can catch myself at any time without perception, and never can observe anything but the perception.” How does this statement by Hume problematize the philosophical notion of personal identity? How does Kant deal with this problem in his Critique of Pure Reason? (20 marks)2016Examine Kant’s criticism on Descartes’ view of Self. (10 marks)
Phenomena and Noumena
2 questions
2004The significance of Kant’s distinction between phenomena and noumena (20 marks)1992Discuss Kant’s theory of reality. How does he attempt to reconcile the claims of science, philosophy and religion? Ascertain if he succeeds in his task (60 marks)
Kant and Hegel
1 question
2026Analyze and discuss the different ways in which Kant and Hegel conceived the relationship between reality and our thinking about reality. (15 marks)
Ideas of Reason
1 question
1999Kant’s idea of Reason (20 marks)
1A-05 · Hegel · 20 questions
20 questions · 11 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Dialectical Method
10 questions
2022What is the dialectical method in the philosophy of George Wilhelm Hegal? How does this method help in realizing the Absolute? Discuss. (15 marks)2021Discuss Hegel’s Dialectical method. Explain how his dialectical method leads him to the Absolute Idealism. (20 marks)2019What is the role of dialectics in realizing the truth in Hegel’s philosophy? (10 marks)2013Comment: ‘Movement is contradiction itself.’ Examine, in this context, Hegel’s dialectical method. (12.5 marks)2007Hegel’s Dialectical method (20 marks)2006Critically discuss the Hegel’s Dialectical method (20 marks)2002Hegel’s Dialectical Method (20 marks)2000Explain Hegel’s dialectical method. How does it culminate in Absolute Idealism? (60 marks)1997The Dialectical method simply consists of challenging every typical attitude or belief by rendering its partisan claims logically ridiculous (20 marks)1990Hegel’s Dialectical method (20 marks)
Absolute Idealism
3 questions
2026Explain Hegel’s idea that the concept of the Absolute as being is the concept of the Absolute as becoming as a process of self-development. (10 marks)2020Examine the reality of the phenomenal world in the light of Hegel’s Absolute ldealism. (10 marks)2009The rational is real and the real is rational (20 marks)
Kant and Hegel
2 questions
2026Analyze and discuss the different ways in which Kant and Hegel conceived the relationship between reality and our thinking about reality. (15 marks)2025How does Hegel challenge Kant’s distinction between Phenomena and Noumena? Discuss. (10 marks)
Philosophy of History
2 questions
2023“History is a process of dialectical change.” In the light of this statement discuss Hegel’s approach in understanding history. (10 marks)2012Explain Hegelian dialectical method and show how it is useful in explaining the historical development process? (15 marks)
Identity and Difference
1 question
2017Elaborate Hegel’s dictum: “All identity is identity and difference.” (10 marks)
Absolute and God
1 question
2016What is Hegel’s view on God? Do you think that his interpretation of God was contributive to the colonial and imperial expansionist designs? Explain. (15 marks)
Marxist Critique
1 question
1992Hegel’s view stands on its head; it must be turned right side up again (20 marks)
1A-06 · Moore, Russell and Early Wittgenstein · 44 questions
44 questions · 26 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Moore · Common Sense
10 questions
2026“I can prove now, for instance, that two human hands exist.” How does Moore use this illustration to prove the existence of an external world? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2024What arguments are offered by Moore to prove that there are certain truisms, knowledge of which is a matter of common sense? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2021What are the main arguments put forward by Moore in his paper “A Defence of Common Sense” to prove that there are possible propositions about the world that are known to be true with certainty? Do you think Moore’s arguments provide a sufficient response to objections presented by the sceptic against the possibility of knowledge? Give reasons in support of your answer. (20 marks)2019Why is Moore’s philosophy called common-sense realism? (15 marks)2014Are G. E. Moore’s arguments in defence of common sense satisfactory ? Give reasons. (15 marks)2013Comment: ‘Moore’s defence of common sense essentially is defence of ordinary language. (12.5 marks)2010What does Moore want to establish when he asserts that propositions like “Earth exists or we have consciousness” are truism? Discuss (20 marks)2002Moore’s Defense of Common-Sense (20 marks)1999Clarify Moore’s conception of common sense and examine his arguments in its defense (60 marks)1994Philosophy of Common-Sense (20 marks)
Moore · Refutation of Idealism
7 questions
2025“Blue is one object of sensation and green is another, and consciousness, which both sensations have in common, is different from either.” Present an account of Moore’s refutation of idealism with reference to this statement. (15 marks)2020Critically discuss the following statement by Moore: “If anyone tells us that to say ‘Blue exists’ is the same thing as to say that ‘Both blue and consciousness exists makes a mistake and a self-contradictory mistake. ” (15 marks)2015G.E. Moore’s refutation of idealism. (10 marks)2011Are the arguments given by G.E. Moore against Idealism adequate? Give reasons for your answer (30 marks)2004Critically discuss Moore’s Refutation of Idealism (60 marks)2000Give a critical account of Moore’s refutation of idealism. (20 marks)1998How does Moore refute idealism? Critically evaluate (60 marks)
Russell · Descriptions
7 questions
2025“The golden mountain is very high.” Discuss this statement in the context of Russell’s theory of descriptions. (10 marks)2023Why according to Russell is the proposition & “The present king of France is bald” problematic? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2018How is Russell’s theory of definite description related to his Logical Atomisin? Discuss and give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)2017How is the statement, ‘I met a man’, semantically problematic for Russell? How does he account for the meaningfulness of this statement? (10 marks)2012Explain the theory of definite descriptions according to Russell (15 marks)2007State and discuss Russell’s analysis of Definite Descriptions (60 marks)1997Elucidate Bertrand Russell’s theory of descriptions, and examine it with special reference to its criticism by P.F. Strawson (60 marks)
Russell · Logical Atomism
6 questions
2022What is Bertrand Russell’s method of logical anaysis? How does it ultimately end in establishing atomic theory of meaning? Discuss. (10 marks)2020“The reason that I call my doctrine logical atomism is because the atoms that I wish to arrive at as the sort of last residue in analysis are logical atoms and not physical atoms” Write a note on the nature of atomic facts according to Russell in the light of the above statement. (15 marks)2013Distinguish between atomic and general propositions. Show how they are justified true. (12.5 marks)2003What is Russel’s Logical atomism? Bring out in this connection the conception or metaphysics involved in it. (60 marks)1999Russell’s concept of negative facts (60 marks)1998Logical atomism (20 marks)
Wittgenstein · Saying/Showing
4 questions
2026“Wittgenstein’s difficulty about not being able to say anything within a given language about the structure of that language can be met by the idea of a hierarchy of languages.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (20 marks)2021What does Wittgenstein mean by the statement – “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent?” Critically discuss. (15 marks)2018How does Wittgenstein apply the distinction between ‘saying’ and ‘showing’ to point to a single way of apprehending the most decisive problems of philosophy? Is he justified? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)2004Distinction between ‘saying’ and ‘showing’ (20 marks)
Russell · Incomplete Symbols
3 questions
2024Explain Russell’s notion of incomplete symbols. Also explain how this notion leads to the doctrine of logical atomism. (20 marks)2015What do we understand by incomplete symbols? What role do they play in Russell’s theory of meaning ? Discuss. (15 marks)2011What is Russell’s idea of ‘Incomplete symbols’ in his theory of description? Discuss (15 marks)
Wittgenstein · Picture Theory
2 questions
2022Is there any difference between pictorial form and logical form in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s picture theory of langauge? How does the logical form define the realtion between language and reality? Explain. (15 marks)2017What is Wittgenstein’s picture theory of meaning? What are his reasons for giving up this theory and suggesting the use theory of meaning? (15 marks)
Russell · Logical Construction
2 questions
2016Explain Russell’s view that “the physical object is a logical construction from sense- data”. Why does he call his metaphysical view ‘neutral monism’? (15 marks)2008Explain the theory of logical construction. Does it provide a satisfactory account of knowledge? (60 marks)
Moore and Russell on Idealism
1 question
2018How does Berkeley establish that Mind and its ideas alone are real? How do Moore and Russell react to Berkeley’s view in this regard? Do you find any difference between Moore’s reaction and Russell’s one? Discuss. (20 marks)
Russell vs Wittgenstein
1 question
2014Why does Wittgenstein disagree with Bertrand Russell’s interpretation of atomism in the philosophy of Tractatus? Discuss. (15 marks)
Moore · Analysis
1 question
1993G.E. Moore’s way of analysis (20 marks)
1A-07 · Logical Positivism · 20 questions
20 questions · 12 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Rejection of Metaphysics
10 questions
2023Does the rejection of metaphysics as proposed by Logical Positivists relate to problem of meaning or problem of knowledge or nature of things or all of them together? Discuss with suitable examples. (20 marks)2021What according to Logical Positivists are “pseudo statements”? How does one identify “pseudo statements”? Critically discuss with examples. (15 marks)2020“The Soul of Superman is Good.” Critically examine the above statement in the light of logical positivism. (10 marks)2018How do the logical positivists show that metaphysical sentences are meaningless? Can their verification theory of meaning account for the meaningfulness of all scientific sentences? Discuss. (15 marks)2012Logical Positivism broadly claims that metaphysics and theology are meaningless because they are neither matters of logic nor verifiable empirically! Critically examine (12 marks)2009Examine how Ayer eliminates metaphysics (30 marks)2007Elimination of metaphysics at the hands Logical Positivists (20 marks)2005State and discuss the logical positivist’s attempts to eliminate metaphysics (60 marks)2000Examine the Logical Positivist rejection of metaphysics. (20 marks)1998Critically discuss Ayer’s view on metaphysics (60 marks)
Necessary Propositions
4 questions
2024Is the sentence “All objects are either red or not red” meaningful in the same way as “This page is white,” according to the logical positivists? Discuss with arguments. (15 marks)2017‘Does the sentence, ‘Whatever is coloured is extended’, satisfy the criterion of meaningfulness proposed by the logical positivists? Explain. (15 marks)2013Distinguish necessary from empirical propositions. How is a necessary proposition justified?’ Explain. (10 marks)2010Are necessary propositions linguistic by nature? Discuss in the light of logical positivism (20 marks)
Verification Theory
3 questions
2025Present an exposition of the verification theory of meaning as propounded by the logical positivists. In this context also differentiate between the “strong” and the “weak” sense of the word “verifiable”. (15 marks)2019How do the logical positivists account for the meaning of general statements? Can the same account be applied to metaphysical statements? Discuss. (20 marks)2016Explain verification theory. Does it lead to elimination of metaphysics? (10 marks)
Limits of Verification
2 questions
2014Are empirical statements conclusively verifiable? Discuss the limitations of ‘verification theory of meaning’. (20 marks)2011Discuss the limitations of verification theory (20 marks)
Unity of Science
1 question
2026How did the logical positivists try to make philosophy a handmaid to science and establish a unified language of science? Why did their project fail? Discuss. (15 marks)
1A-08 · Later Wittgenstein · 17 questions
17 questions · 12 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Private Language
5 questions
2024Why does later Wittgenstein think that there cannot be a language that only one person can speak — a language that is essentially private? Discuss. (10 marks)2020But could we also imagine a language in which a person could write down or give vocal expression to his inner experiences, his feelings, moods and the rest-for his private use”? Critically discuss the answer offered by Witlgenstein to this question. (15 marks)2019Show how Wittgenstein’s critique of solipsism culminates in the critique of private language. (15 marks)2016Why does Wittgenstein reject the possibility of private language? (10 marks)2013Explain Wittgenstein’s arguments against the possibility of private language. (10 marks)
Meaning as Use
3 questions
2026Can words be viewed as the ideas in the mind of the person who uses them? Answer with reference to the philosophy of later Wittgenstein. (15 marks)2011Meaning of the word lies in its use”. Explain in detail (30 marks)2000Wittgenstein on ‘Meaning is use’ (20 marks)
Picture to Use Theory
2 questions
2025“We should look not to an ideal language which derives its meaning from facts and has a precise logical structure but empirically, to the ways in which languages are actually used.” Explain the transition from early views of Wittgenstein to his later views on language and meaning with reference to this statement. (20 marks)2023What were the main reasons that led Wittgenstein to shift from picture-theory of meaning to use-theory of meaning? Critically discuss. (15 marks)
Forms of Life
2 questions
2022Establish the tenabilty of later Wittgenstein’s motion of language as form of life. (10 marks)2015Bring out the relationship between language games and forms of life. (20 marks)
Language-games
2 questions
2014Bring out the significance of language games’ in Wittgenstein’s use theory of meaning. (10 marks)2008Wittgenstein’s notion of language-game (20 marks)
Family Resemblance
1 question
2018How does the notion of ‘family resemblance’ help Wittgenstein to uphold that ‘Language is a game’? Discuss. (10 marks)
Philosophy as Therapy
1 question
2012According to Wittgenstein ‘Philosophy is a battle against bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language’. Explain the function of philosophy in the above context (12.5 marks)
Tautologies
1 question
2010Are tautologies meaning according to Wittgenstein? (15 marks)
1A-09 · Phenomenology: Husserl · 17 questions
17 questions · 12 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Epoche and Reduction
6 questions
2023Elucidate the significance of bracketing and reduction in Husserl’s phenomenological method. (15 marks)2017Explain Husserl’s reasons for advocating phenomenological reductionism. (10 marks)2015Husserl’s notion of ‘bracketing’. (10 marks)2014Explain the significance of ‘bracketing’ in Husserl phenomenology. (10 marks)2005What is ‘epoche’ ? Bring out its significance for Husserl’s conception of rigorous science (60 marks)2000Husserl’s phenomenological reduction (Epoche) (20 marks)
Husserl and Sartre
2 questions
2026Describe Sartre’s notion of consciousness as ‘nothing’. How is it different from Husserl’s notion of consciousness? Discuss. (15 marks)2008What is the notion of transcendental ego according to Husserl? How is it different from Sartre’s notion of the ego? (60 marks)
Psychologism
2 questions
2022What is psychologism? Critically discuss the way Edmund Husserl avoids the problem of psychologism in the discourse of transcendental phenomenology. (10 marks)2020What, according to Husserl, is wrong with psychologism? How does Husserl address the problems with psychologism in his phenomenological method? (10 marks)
Intentionality
2 questions
2019Can hallucination be regarded as an intentional act of Husserl? Explain. (10 marks)2011What, according to Husserl is Intentionality? Discuss its role in arriving at the meaning of object (30 marks)
Rigorous Science
2 questions
2016What, according to Husserl, is the task of a philosopher? Do you think his methods are relevant to philosophy? Discuss. (20 marks)2003Discuss Husserl’s conception of philosophy as rigorous science (60 marks)
Husserl and Descartes
1 question
2025How is Husserl’s account of “I think” different from that of Descartes? Critically discuss. (20 marks)
Theory of Essences
1 question
2024Why does Husserl think that essences exhibit a kind of continuity between consciousness and being? Discuss. (15 marks)
Natural Attitude
1 question
2021Present a critical exposition of Husserl’s criticism of ‘natural attitude’. How does Husserl propose to address the problems involved in natural attitude through his phenomenological method? (20 marks)
1A-10 · Existentialism: Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger · 34 questions
34 questions · 24 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Sartre · Freedom and Choice
5 questions
2021“I can always choose, but I ought to know that if I do not choose, I am still choosing”. Critically discuss Sartre’s conception of choice and responsibility in the light of the above statement. (15 marks)2020“You can always make something out of what you have been made into.” Critically discuss this statement by Sartre with reference to his views on existentialism. (20 marks)2019How does Sartre look at the problem of freedom of choice and determinism? Explain. (15 marks)2011I am responsible for myself and for everyone else.” Discuss this statement in the light of Sartre’s existentialism (15 marks)2004Discuss Sartre’s conception of freedom (60 marks)
Kierkegaard · Subjectivity
4 questions
2024How does Kierkegaard define truth in terms of subjectivity? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2023How does Kierkegaard argue against Hegel’s idea of universal spirit in favor of the individual as the essence of spirit? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2022How does Soren Kierkegaard define the notion of ‘subjectivity’ ? Explain it with reference to three stages of existence as propounded by him. (20 marks)2020What does Kierkegaard mean by saying “Subjectivity is the truth” in the context of the problem of ‘the single individual’? (20 marks)
Sartre · Existence-Essence
4 questions
2024What do the existentialist thinkers mean by the slogan “existence precedes essence”? How is human existence related to human freedom according to them? Discuss. (20 marks)2015Bring out the relationship between existence and essence in the case of human being. Explain the issues it gives rise to for human beings according to Sartre. (15 marks)2009Existence precedes essence”. Comment (20 marks)2003Existence precedes essence (20 marks)
Sartre · Consciousness
3 questions
2026Describe Sartre’s notion of consciousness as ‘nothing’. How is it different from Husserl’s notion of consciousness? Discuss. (15 marks)2023“Consciousness is what it is not and is not what it is.” In the light of this statement bring out the chief features of Sartre’s conception of consciousness. (15 marks)2016Discuss Sartre’s notion of ‘Nothingness’. (15 marks)
Sartre · For-itself/In-itself
3 questions
2025Explain the difference between being-for-itself and being-in-itself as presented by Sartre. (10 marks)2013Examine Sartre’s distinction between Being-for-itself and Being-in-itself. (12.5 marks)2000Sartre’s phenomenological ontology. (20 marks)
Heidegger · Authenticity
2 questions
2026Explain Heidegger’s conception of authenticity and inauthenticity as modes of Dasein’s being. (15 marks)2017Discuss Heidegger’s concept of authenticity and explain how an inauthentic Dasein regains the lost self? (15 marks)
Heidegger · Temporality
2 questions
2019Is Dasein authentic existence for Heidegger? How does he relate temporality with Dasein? Discuss. (20 marks)2014State and evaluate Heidegger’s claim that temporality is the horizon against which the being of any entity is understood. (15 marks)
Heidegger vs Husserl
2 questions
2018What is Epoché? How does Heidegger reject this method of phenomenological reduction? Explain Heidegger’s concept of ‘being in the world’ as opposed to the concept of a transcendental ego. (20 marks)2010How is the empirical ego and Heidegger different from the transcendent ego in Husserl? (30 marks)
Heidegger · Dasein
2 questions
2015Discuss why Heidegger introduces the concept of Dasein in his metaphysics. (15 marks)2008Heidegger’s contention that essence of “Dasein is its existence” (20 marks)
Kierkegaard · Choice
2 questions
2014Explain Kierkegaard’s concept of choice. How does the concept of choice in metaethics differ from normative ethics? Explain. (20 marks)2013Analyse Kierkegaard’s concept of choice. Can there be, in his view, correct or incorrect choice Discuss. (12.5 marks)
Heidegger · Being-in-the-world
1 question
2022Provide a critical account of Heideggaer’s Being-in-the-world and discuss the problem of ‘authenticity’ in the context of Dasein. (20 marks)
Sartre · Bad Faith
1 question
2018How does Sartre connect inauthenticity with bad faith? Why does Sartre show that inauthenticity and bad faith lead to alienation? Discuss. (10 marks)
Existentialism (General)
1 question
2012Elucidate Existentialism and indicate its strong and weak points in your own words (15 marks)
Kierkegaard · Faith
1 question
2012Soren Kierkegaard clarified that “The function of prayers is not to influence God but rather to change the nature of one who prays.” Comment on this statement (12 marks)
Spinoza and Sartre
1 question
2009Compare the views of Spinoza and Sartre on Freedom. (30 marks)
1A-11 · Quine and Strawson · 24 questions
24 questions · 16 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Strawson · Persons
6 questions
2026Why are states of consciousness ascribed to anything at all and why are they ascribed to the same things to which we also ascribe physical properties? How does Strawson answer these questions in his work Individuals? (20 marks)2023Why does Strawson consider person to be a primitive concept? What implication does does it have for the mind-body dualism? Discuss. (20 marks)2018How does Strawson explain the concept of person in his philosophy? Discuss. (10 marks)2013Explain and evaluate Strawson’s arguments for his conception of the nature of a person. (10 marks)2007State and discuss Strawson’s theory of Person (60 marks)2003Strawson’s notion of person as primitive (20 marks)
Quine · Analytic-Synthetic
6 questions
2019Explain Quine’s arguments against synthetic-analytic distinction. (10 marks)2016Discuss Quine’s attack on the analytic-synthetic distinction. (10 marks)2015Elucidate Quine’s arguments to show that analyticity is not synonymity. (15 marks)2012Explain critically Quine’s rejection of the analytic synthetic distinction and his subsequent philosophical arguments (15 marks)2005Quine’s criticism of analytic-synthetic distinction (20 marks)2002Quine’s attack on Analytic-Synthetic Distinction (20 marks)
Quine · Two Dogmas
4 questions
2024Explain the nature of the two dogmas that Quine refers to in his paper *Two Dogmas of Empiricism*. (15 marks)2021Critically examine Quine’s postulate of empiricism without the dogmas with reference to his ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’. (15 marks)2017What are the two dogmas of empiricism that Quine attacks? What are his arguments against what he calls the second dogma? (15 marks)2014How far are Quine’s arguments in “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” justified ? Discuss. (10 marks)
Strawson · Basic Particulars
3 questions
2021What according to Strawson are basic particulars? What reasons does Strawson offer to believe that ‘material bodies’ and ‘persons’ are basic particulars? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2020Evaluate the role of spatio-temporal thinking in objective thinking with reference to Strawson’s theory of basic particulars. (15 marks)2000Strawson’s concept of basic particulars. (20 marks)
Quine · Holism
1 question
2025“We can affirm the truth of any sentence in our total system, in the face of whatever experience, just so long as we are prepared to make adjustments elsewhere.” Discuss this statement in the light of Quine’s ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’. (15 marks)
Quine · A priori
1 question
2018How does Quine show that the notion of a prior knowledge as discussed by Kant is a metaphysical article of faith’? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)
Strawson · M and P Predicates
1 question
2015Strawson’s distinction between ‘M’ and ‘P’ predicates. (10 marks)
Strawson vs Hume on Self
1 question
2010Is Strawson’s concept of person a refutation of Hume’s concept of self? Discuss (30 marks)
Quine · Reductionism
1 question
2009What are Quine’s objections with regards to the verification theory of meaning? (30 marks)
Section B: Indian Philosophy
1B-12 · Carvaka · 29 questions
29 questions · 14 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Dehatmavada
6 questions
2017“The soul is nothing but conscious body.” What are the reasons for Carvaka in holding this view? (10 marks)2016Is the doctrine of ‘Self’ acceptable in the modern age of science and reason? Examine the view in the light of Indian philosophy. (15 marks)2007Carvaka’s views on the nature of soul (20 marks)2004Dehatmavada of Carvakas (20 marks)2001Charvaka theory of consciousness (20 marks)1998The soul is nothing but the conscious body.’ (20 marks)
Rejection of Inference
4 questions
2025Explain the ground on which Carvaka rejects inference (anumana) as a valid source of knowledge. (10 marks)2019What is wrong according to the Carvakas with the following argument? All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Justify your answer with arguments. (15 marks)2012Why do Carvaka do not believe in the validity of inference? What logic do they give for their belief? (15 marks)1990‘Inference is not possible, as it involves the fallacy of petitio-principii.’ (20 marks)
Critique of Carvaka
4 questions
2019Are the Carvakas consistent when they hold that inference is not a source of knowledge? Discuss. (10 marks)2018Is Carvaka rejection of inference acceptable to the other systems of Indian philosophy? If not, why? Do you think the views of other systems to be justified? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)2003Charvak’s refutation of anumana is itself a process of anumana. Discuss (60 marks)1991Why does Carvaka accept perception alone as the pramana? How have Jain and Buddhist logicians refuted his view? Evaluate both the perspectives critically (60 marks)
Perception Only
3 questions
2014“Limits of knowledge and world are determined by my sense perception.” Discuss this claim of Carvakas. (10 marks)2006Discuss the theory of knowledge, according to Charvaka Philosophy (60 marks)2002State and evaluate critically Carvaka’s view that perception is the only valid source of knowledge (20 marks)
Assessment of Carvaka
2 questions
2024Do you think Carvaka’s philosophy is positivistic in nature? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (10 marks)2010Just as the skepticism of Hume helped Kant to come out of his dogmatic slumber, so also the Carvaka philosophy saved Indian philosophy from dogmatism. Discuss (20 marks)
Transcendent Entities
2 questions
2021Comment on the bearing of Carvaka epistemology on the rejection of transcendental entities by them. (10 marks)2015Explain the arguments of Carvaka to reject transcendental entities. (15 marks)
Four Elements
2 questions
2020Critically evaluate Carvaka’s’ rejection of Ákasa as one of the elements of reality and examine their criticism of transmigration of Soul. (15 marks)2011Why do Carvakas reject the concept of Akasa. Discuss (30 marks)
Ethics and Hedonism
2 questions
2000Ethics of Carvaka School (20 marks)1992The Carvaka system is not a consistent metaphysic; it is only a crude form of hendonism (20 marks)
Carvaka vs Buddhism
1 question
2024Differentiate between the Carvaka’s refutation of self as a transcendental category and the Buddhist rejection of atma. (20 marks)
Carvaka vs Jainism
1 question
2020Explain the differences of conception of Reality between Cárvaka and Jainism. (15 marks)
Vyapti
1 question
2016What would be Carvaka’s view on Vyapti? Can this view be acceptable to the Naiyayikas? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)
Svabhavavada
1 question
2012On what basis does Carvaka reject the cause-effect relationship? (15 marks)
1B-13 · Jainism · 38 questions
38 questions · 19 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Anekantavada
9 questions
2022‘The doctrine of ‘Relativism’ of Jain Philosophy cannot be logically sustained without postulating ‘Absolutism’.’ Critically examine this view and give reasons in the favour of your answer. (15 marks)2013Analyse the relation between the theory of saptabhanginaya and anekantavada. (10 marks)2012Critically evaluate Jaina doctrine of relative pluralism or Anekantvada? (15 marks)2009Anekantavada (20 marks)2003Expound anekantvada of Jainism. It is a consistent theory of reality? Give reasons (60 marks)2001…relation between anekantvada and saptabhanginaya (20 marks)2000Evaluate the Jain arguments for the view that reality is multi-dimensional. (60 marks)1999The Jaina arguments for anekantavada. (20 marks)1998Ekantavada and Anekantavada (20 marks)
Saptabhanginaya
5 questions
2026Explain the meaning of seven steps of judgement (Saptabhanginaya) and its application in Jaina’s Syadvada for advocating a philosophy of non-absolutism (Anekantavada). (15 marks)2023“All human knowledge is empirical and therefore relative.” Critically examine Jaina theory of sevenfold judgement (saptabhanginaya) in the light of the above statement. (10 marks)2021Explain the Jain view of seven-fold (sapta-bhangi) ‘Naya’. (15 marks)2011Why is Saptabhangi Naya not treated as a doctrine of Scepticism? Discuss (20 marks)2000Sapta-bhangi Naya (20 marks)
Bondage and Liberation
4 questions
2024What is the distinction between Bhavabandha and Dravyabandha, according to the Jainas? Discuss. (15 marks)2018How do the Jaina philosophers explain ‘bondage’? What, according to them, is the distinction between “liberated soul’ and ‘bound soul’? What do the Jainas think about the condition of the ‘liberated soul’? Discuss. (15 marks)2015What do Samvara and Nirjara mean? Explain their significance in Jaina theory of liberation. (15 marks)2011What according to Jainism is Path to Liberation? Discuss (15 marks)
Reality and Dravya
4 questions
2019How is reality defined by the Jainas? How is this theory of reality reflected in their view on judgements? Discuss. (20 marks)2015Jain concept of Dravya (10 marks)2006…theory of Substance according to Jainism (20 marks)2005Jaina Definition of Dravya (20 marks)
Syadvada
4 questions
2010Is syadvada a self-contradictory doctrine? Discuss (30 marks)1995What is understood by ‘Syadvada’? To what extent it helps in understanding reality? (60 marks)1993Syadvads and its justifcation (20 marks)1992Give a critical estimate to the Jain theory of Syadvad (60 marks)
Karma
3 questions
2022How does Jaina view of Karma bear upon their soteriology? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2020Examine the concept of Karma according to Jainism. How does it bear upon their conception of Liberation? (10 marks)2014Explain the concept of Karma and discuss its various types according to Jain philosophy. (15 marks)
Jiva and Ajiva
3 questions
2016Can the ‘Tattvartha’ theory of Jainism be acceptable for scientific explanation? Explain. (15 marks)2007Nature of Pudgala in Jaina philosophy (20 marks)2004State and discuss the Jaina Doctrine of jiva (60 marks)
Pluralistic Realism
2 questions
2025Is Jaina philosophy pluralistic and realistic? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2017“The Jaina metaphysics is relativistic and realistic pluralism.” Discuss. (15 marks)
Jainism vs Carvaka
1 question
2020Explain the differences of conception of Reality between Cárvaka and Jainism. (15 marks)
Jaina vs Yoga Kaivalya
1 question
2016Differentiate the concept of ‘Kaivalya’ as discussed in Jaina and Yoga philosophies. (10 marks)
Nayavada
1 question
2016Examine Jaina stance of ‘Naya’. How does it differ from ‘Syadvada’? (10 marks)
Jaina Epistemology
1 question
1994Analysis of perception in the Jaina Philosophy (20 marks)
1B-14 · Schools of Buddhism · 60 questions
60 questions · 28 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Pratityasamutpada
11 questions
2023“Ignorance of dependent origination is suffering while its knowledge is cessation of suffering.” Present an account of Buddhist soteriology in the light of the above statement. (20 marks)2016Does the ‘Doctrine of Dependent Origination’ reconcile the two extreme views law of causation, namely Satkaryavada and Asatkaryavada? Give reasons for answer. (20 marks)2015What is the role of Pratityasamutpada in explaining Dukha? Elucidate the means to overcome it. (15 marks)2012Examine critically the statement that the doctrine of ‘ paticcasamuppada ’ was given only to explain the problem of sorrow and not to solve the problems of metaphysics. (15 marks)2011What is the importance of the Buddhist concept of ‘Nama-Rupa in the exposition of the Doctrine of Dependent Origination? (20 marks)2006Discuss Pratityasamutpada in Buddhism (20 marks)2002Buddhistic doctrine of Pratitya-samutpada (20 marks)2000The Buddhist arguments for the doctrine of dependent origination (20 marks)1995Pratitya Samutapada (20 marks)1994Discuss the nature of Pratitya Samutpada and throw light on its importance in Buddhism (60 marks)1990Discuss the Buddhist theory of Pratityasamutpada (60 marks)
Madhyamika · Sunyata
10 questions
2018How do the Madhyamika Buddhists apply the notion of Pratityasamutpada to establish their doctrine of Sunyata? Discuss. (10 marks)2014How does Nagarjuna explain the concept of Sunyata? (15 marks)2013Comment : ‘Accepting sunyavada makes one indifferent to the pursuit of dharma. Examine, in this context, Nagarjuna’s arguments for sunyavada. (12.5 marks)2012Write a note on Nagarjuna’s contribution Madhyamica School of Buddhism (15 marks)2011Is Sunyavada a philosophical doctrine? Evaluate (15 marks)2008The Madhyamika philosophy tries to adopt the mean between extreme affirmation and extreme negation.” Comment (60 marks)2005State and discuss the Buddhist notion of Sunyata (60 marks)2001Nagarjuna’s defense of Sunya-vada (20 marks)1999Evaluate Nagarjuna’s arguments for Sunyavada (60 marks)1996Madhyamika notions of ParamarthaSatya and Samvrti Satya (20 marks)
Nairatmyavada
9 questions
2024Differentiate between the Carvaka’s refutation of self as a transcendental category and the Buddhist rejection of atma. (20 marks)2022Explain Buddhist concept of Trratna and their internal relation. Critically examine the consistency of Trratnas with the Buddhist concept of No-soul (Nairatmyavada). (15 marks)2021Distinguish between pudgala-nairatmyavada and dharma-nairatmyavada with reference to Buddhist Philosophy. (10 marks)2020How does Buddhism explain Self in terms of Pancaskandhas? What is Liberation for Buddhism if there is no Soul? (15 marks)2016How does ‘Kshanikavada’ strengthen the arguments for ‘Nairatmyavada’? Explain. (10 marks)2010How does the Buddhist accept the possibility of rebirth in the absence of an eternal soul? Discuss (20 marks)2008An examination of Buddhist Nairatmyavada (20 marks)1999Examine arguments for the no-soul theory of the Buddhists (60 marks)1991Discuss critically the “Anatmavada of Buddhist Philosophy.” (60 marks)
Ksanikavada
7 questions
2020How is Kanikavada a logical derivative of Pratityasamutpada in Buddhism? Explain. (20 marks)2019What is Pratityasamutpada? How do the Buddhists apply this concept to prove that everything is momentary? (15 marks)2013Explain the Buddhists’ position of ‘Impermanence’ and show how the idea of Impermanence leads to the theory of momentariness of reality. (10 marks)2004State and discuss the Buddhist notion of momentariness (60 marks)2003Ksanikavada of Buddhism (20 marks)2000Ksanikavada (20 marks)1997Examine the Buddhist arguments for the doctrine of momentariness (60 marks)
Nirvana
6 questions
2025Is Buddhist notion of Nirvana in consonance with their conception of Kshanikavada (momentariness) and Nairatmyavada (no-soul theory)? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2018Is it consistent for the Buddhists to admit the theory of Nairatmyavada and the doctrine of Nirvana simultaneously? Give reasons in favour of your answer. (15 marks)2011Is the concept of Nirvana a logical necessity for the Buddhists? Give reasons for your answer (30 marks)2004Nature and kinds of Nirvana (20 marks)1997Bodhisattva (20 marks)1993The Mahayana Conception of Nirvana (20 marks)
Ksanikavada Objections
4 questions
2026How does the Buddhist theory of momentariness problematize the issue of human action and responsibility? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2022How compatible is Buddhist theory of momentariness with their theory of Karma? In this regard how do Buddhists respond to objections raised by their opponents? Critically discuss. (20 marks)2021If everything is momentary then how do the Buddhists explain the problem of memory and personal identity? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2017What are the arguments of the Buddhists to establish Kshanikavada ? Do they necessarily lead to krtanasha and akstabhyupagama ?, (15 marks)
Buddhist Epistemology
3 questions
2025Present an exposition of the debate between Naiyayikas and Buddhists with reference to the notion of Pramana and Pramanaphala. (10 marks)2018How do the Buddhists and the Nyaya philosophers explain our knowledge of ‘the absence of the jar on the table’? Answer in detail. (10 marks)2012Explain the theory of illusion accepted by Buddhist. Is it consistent with their philosophy? Give reasons for your answer (15 marks)
Schools Compared
3 questions
2024How do the two schools of Buddhism arrive at two opposed conclusions, namely “everything is void” and “everything is real” from the same doctrine of Pratityasamutpada? Answer with arguments. (15 marks)2017How do Madhyamikas, Yogacaravadins and Sarvastivadins differ among themselves concerning the nature of reality? How do Sarvastivadins differ among themselves with regard to knowledgeability of reality? (20 marks)2014Explain the epistemological differences between Sautrantika and Vaibhashika schools of Buddhism. (10 marks)
Four Noble Truths
3 questions
2012Do you agree with the view that in early Buddhism more importance was given to Four Noble Truths than to systematic metaphysics? Give reasons for your agreement or disagreement? (15 marks)2010Bring out the metaphysical implication of the second noble truth of the Buddhism (30 marks)2007Four Arya Satya (Noble Truths) according to Buddhism (20 marks)
Yogacara · Vijnanavada
2 questions
2019How do the Yogacara Buddhists deny the existence of the external world? Discuss. (10 marks)2015Alayavijnana (10 marks)
Madhyamika · Catuskoti
2 questions
2017Elucidate the role of catushkoti in explaining the nature of reality according to Madhyamika school of thought. (10 marks)1993Explain the central philosophy of Madhyemika and discuss their logic of chatushkoti (60 marks)
1B-15 · Nyaya-Vaisesika · 79 questions
79 questions · 39 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Perception
11 questions
2025Present a detailed account of Gautama’s definition of Perception. (20 marks)2023Elucidate Naiyayikas view of ordinary and extraordinary perception. Are they justified in accepting that universals are perceived? Discuss. (15 marks)2017Explain the early Nyaya definition of perception. Why this definition is considered inadequate by the later Naiyayikas ? (20 marks)2014Bring out the philosophical implications of introducing extraordinary (alaukika) perception in Nyaya philosophy. (20 marks)2010Explain the reason for introducing the notion of extraordinary perception in nyaya-epistemology (30 marks)2005Natures and kinds of Pratyaksha according to Nyaya (20 marks)1998Define perception according to Nyaya and explain clearly various types of perception (60 marks)1996Alaukika-Pratyaksa. (20 marks)1995Modes of perception according to Nyaya (20 marks)1992Explain and critically examine the nature, conditions and validity of pratyaksa pramana according to the Nyaya and Vijnanavada schools. (60 marks)1991Analyze the definition of Perception and explain with examples the classification of Perception according to Nyaya (60 marks)
Inference
9 questions
2026According to Nyaya view of inference (Anumana), what are the characteristics that ascertain the validity of inferential sign (Hetu)? Discuss. (10 marks)2023Elucidate Naiyayikas account of fallacies of the middle term in relation to five characteristics of a valid middle term. (20 marks)2022How do Naiyayikas respond to Carvika’s objections against inference (anumana) and establish inference as an independent means of knowledge? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2017Explain the conditions of valid hetu as propounded in Nyaya philosophy. (10 marks)2009Hetvabhasa according to Nyaya (20 marks)2004Nature and kind of anumanas according to Nyaya (20 marks)1998Discuss the nature and structure of interference according to the Nyaya philosophy and explain the importance of the various steps of pararthanumana (60 marks)1995What is meant by hetvabhasa in Indian logic? Is it formal or material? What according to Nyaya are its kinds? Explain. (60 marks)1995How do we get valid knowledge according to Nyaya Philosophy. Explain the concept of ‘Anumana’ in this context. (60 marks)
Causation
8 questions
2025Present an exposition of Nyaya-Vaisheshika’s theory of causation. (10 marks)2023Write a note on Nyaya notion of Pragabhava (prior non-existence). How does this notion help Naiyayikas in defending their position on causation against the Samkhya View of causation ? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2021Does the seed contain the tree? Discuss with reference to Nyaya-Vaišeshika Philosophy. (10 marks)2020Explain the concepts of ‘Anyathasiddha’ and ‘Ananyathâsiddha’ in the context of Asatkaryavada. (15 marks)2007Explain fully Nyaya’s Asatkaryavada (60 marks)2000Examine the Vaisesika theory of causality (Asatkaryavada). (60 marks)1999The Nyaya theory of causality (20 marks)1997Evaluate the Buddhist critique of the Nyaya theory of causation. (60 marks)
Pramana Theory
8 questions
2025Present an exposition of the debate between Naiyayikas and Buddhists with reference to the notion of Pramana and Pramanaphala. (10 marks)2025Delineate the main points of difference between the theory of intrinsic validation (svatah pramanyavada) and theory of extrinsic validation (pratah pramanyavada) in classical Indian philosophy. (10 marks)2024How do I know that I know? Answer this question with reference to the Naiyayikas, the Bhatta Mimamsakas, and the Prabhakaras. (20 marks)2024On what grounds do the Prabhakaras and the Naiyayikas reject memory as a source of knowledge? Discuss. (15 marks)2006Explain Nyaya theory of Pramanas (60 marks)1999What is self-validity of knowledge? Examine the Purva-Mimamsaka arguments against the theory of extrinsic validity of Knowledge (60 marks)1997Svatah-pramanya and paratah-pramanya (20 marks)1996Examine the Nyaya theory of Pramana in the light of the Buddhist-criticism of it (60 marks)
Abhava
7 questions
2024Do these two sentences “Air does not have heat” and “Air is not fire” refer to the same type of absence or abhava, according to the Vaisheshikas? Discuss. (10 marks)2023Present an account of Vaiseshika’s view of negation in the light of their statement. “Negation always has a counterpositive and absolute negation is an impossibility (10 marks)2019Justify the status of Abhava as a category in Vaisesika philosophy. (10 marks)2018How do the Buddhists and the Nyaya philosophers explain our knowledge of ‘the absence of the jar on the table’? Answer in detail. (10 marks)2016How do the Naiyayikas justify the introduction of ‘Abhava’ as an independent category ? Explain. (20 marks)2011Why do the Vaisesikas treat Abhava as an independent category? Explain (15 marks)2009Compare the viewpoints of Nyaya, Vaisesika, Mimansa and Buddhism on the issue of knowledge of abhava (60 marks)
Padartha
7 questions
2020Critically evaluate the logical and metaphysical status of Visesa in the context of Vaisesika Philosophy. (15 marks)2017What are the necessary characteristics of padartha according to Vaiseshika philosophy? (10 marks)2015‘Our knowledge is confined to gunas alone’. Examine this statement in the light of Vaisheshika and Buddhist controversy. (15 marks)2010Can qualities exist without substance? Substantiate your views.in the light of Nyaya-Buddhism controversy? (20 marks)2005State and discuss the nature and kinds of Dravyas according to Vaisesikas (60 marks)1997Padartha (20 marks)1995Give an account of the chief tenets of Vaisesika metaphysics (60 marks)
Vyapti
7 questions
2013Analyse the Nyaya concept of vyapti and examine its relation to tarka. (12.5 marks)2008Discuss critically Nyaya notion of Vyapti (60 marks)2001Evaluate the Nyaya-Vaisesika theory of the nature of Vyapti (20 marks)2000The Nyaya view of our knowledge of generalizations (Vyapti) (20 marks)1999Explain the Nyaya-Vaisesika theory of vyapti and vyapti-jnana (60 marks)1994What is ‘Vyapti’? How is it known? Discuss with special reference of the Nyaya System. (60 marks)1990What is Universal relation (Vyapti) according to the Nyaya? How is it ascertained? (60 marks)
Samavaya
4 questions
2026Critically explain the nature of Samavaya (inherence) as propounded in Vaisheshika philosophy. (10 marks)2021Is ‘inseparability’ (ayuta-siddhatva) a necessary condition or a sufficient condition for defining characteristics (laksana) of samavaya (inherence)? Explain with reference to Vaiseshika Philosophy.’ (10 marks)2018How do the Vaišeshika philosophers explain the difference of the relationships in the Iwo cases-(i) the brown color of the table and (ii) the book on the table? Discuss. (10 marks)2013What is samavaya ? What are the grounds for accepting samavaya as a distinct padartha ? Discuss. (12.5 marks)
Upamana and Sabda
4 questions
2026Bring out the main points of contestation between Naiyayikas and Prabhakara Mimamsakas with reference to knowledge through words (Shabdabodha). (15 marks)2026Present an account of Upamana as an instrument of knowledge (Pramana). How is Nyaya view of Upamana different from Mimamsa view? Discuss. (20 marks)2021Explain with reference to Nyaya Philosophy, the nature of sabda as the advice of apta (a reliable person). (10 marks)1991Explain the conditions that are to be fulfilled for construing the meaning and describe different types of secondary meaning. (60 marks)
Self
4 questions
2024Explain the six reasons offered by the Naiyayikas to prove the existence of the self. (10 marks)2013Examine, the Nyaya-Vaisheshika arguments for the existence of jivatma (soul) . (12.5 marks)2002Nyaya view of Self (20 marks)1996Examine the Nyaya arguments against the Advaitic view of the nature of Atman (60 marks)
Samanya
3 questions
2022What is the ontological status of Samanya, according to Vaisesika Philosophy ? Critically examine. (10 marks)2008Samanya in Vaisesika (20 marks)2003The Nyaya-vaisesika view of Samanya (20 marks)
God
3 questions
2019How does Udayana prove the existence of God through Karyat, Ayojanat, Dhrtyadeh and Sruteh? Discuss. (20 marks)2018How do the Naiyayikas prove the existence of God? Do the Yoga philosophers prove God in the same way? If yes, how? And if not, why? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)2011Do you find any inadequacy in the proofs for the existence of God as given by Naiyayikas? Give reasons in support of your answer (15 marks)
Theory of Error
3 questions
2019What is the role of Jnanalaksana-pratyaka in explaining Anyathakhyati? (15 marks)2015Is anyathakhyativada an adequate explanation of error? Elaborate. (15 marks)1993How is error explained in Nyaya and Advaita Philosophy? Which explanation is more reasonable and why? (60 marks)
Atomism
1 question
1995What is the nature of ultimate substance according to vaisesika philosophy? Would it be right to say that the idea of the ultimate substance as given by the vaisesika thinkers is an anticipation of modern scientific in this context? Discuss (60 marks)
1B-16 · Samkhya · 42 questions
42 questions · 20 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Satkaryavada
6 questions
2026“A mango tree is grown out of a mango seed.” How do the Samkhya philosophers explain this process through their theory of causation by rejecting their rival perspectives? (20 marks)2020A mango tree is grown out of a mango seed,” How will Samkhya system explain this process through their theory of causation by rejecting their rival perspectives? (20 marks)2017Given its theory of causation, is it possible for Samkhya to explain the presence of consciousness in the world? Discuss. (15 marks)2015Satkaryavada (10 marks)2010Does the effect pre-exist in the cause? Discuss (15 marks)2006Critically discuss the Samkhya theory of Causation (60 marks)
Evolution of Prakriti
6 questions
2024Present an account of evolution of Prakriti as propounded in *Samkhyakarika*. In this context, also explain the difference between buddhi, mahat and ahamkara. (20 marks)2016Critically examine the role of ‘Prakriti’ in the process of evolution. (10 marks)2002Samkhya theory of Evolution of Prakriti (20 marks)1998Explain Samkhya view of Prakriti and trace the evolution of world from it (60 marks)1997Explain the nature of prakrti and its evolution according to the Samkya system (60 marks)1996Explain the Samkhya conception of Prakrti. Discuss the role it plays in the Samkhya metaphysics. (60 marks)
Proofs of Purusa
5 questions
2022Examine and evaluate the proofs given by Samkhya philosophy to prove the existence of Purusa. (10 marks)2015State and examine the Samkhya proofs for the existence of Purusha. (15 marks)2001Evaluate the Samkhya justification for their theory of Purusa (20 marks)2000The Samkhya arguments for the existence of Purusa (20 marks)1994Discuss the nature of Purusa according to Samkhya and Explain and examine the arguments given to prove the existence of purusa and its plurality. (60 marks)
Plurality of Purusa
4 questions
2026Is Purusha one or many? Explain and examine the Samkhya position in this context. (10 marks)2018Is Purusa one or many? Explain the Sámkhya position in this regard and give arguments in support of your answer. (10 marks)2011Examine Sankhya’s arguments for Bahupurusavada (Plurality of Purusa) (30 marks)1998Doctrine of plurality of purusas. (20 marks)
Proofs of Prakriti
4 questions
2019Which Sankhya proof for the existence of Prakriti actually shows that there can be only one Prakriti? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2014Are the arguments given in favour of existence of prakrti adequate in Samkhya philosophy ? Discuss. (10 marks)1999The Samkhya arguments for the existence of prakrti (20 marks)1993Explain and examine the Samkhya arguments for the existence of Prakriti and Purusha. (60 marks)
Causation Compared
4 questions
2014How is the theory of causation central to the theories of Reality in classical Indian tradition ? Discuss. (20 marks)2012How Samkhya theory of causation is different from that of Nyaya theory of causation? Explain (15 marks)2009Compare Aristotle’s view regarding causation with that of the Samkhya School’s view of Causation. (60 marks)1999Explain the Satkarya theory of the Samkhya philosophy and evaluate it in the light of the Nyaya theory of causation (60 marks)
Advaita Critique
3 questions
2025Why does Sharnkara consider Sämkhya Philosophy as his chief opponent ( pradhana malla )? Examine his arguments against Samkhya Philosophy. (20 marks)2023“If Purusha and Prakriti are two completely independent realities, then no relation between the two is possible-” In the light of this statement make a brief presentation of Shankara’s criticism of Samkhya dualism (10 marks)2018How do the Advaita Vedantins react to the Prakritiparinamavada of the Samkhya philosophy? How do the Särhkhyas defend their own position in this regard? Discuss. (15 marks)
Liberation
3 questions
2014Examine the Samkhya view on liberation that “the self is neither bound nor liberates, nor does it transmigrate”. (15 marks)2003The Samkhya doctrine of liberation (20 marks)1994The idea of Liberation (Moksha) in the Samkhya Philosophy (20 marks)
Three Gunas
2 questions
2021Explain the Sankhya view on three gunas (guna-traya) and their modifications. (15 marks)2007Explain the Samkhya doctrine of three gunas (60 marks)
Nature of Purusa
2 questions
2019Critically discuss the metaphysical status of a Jiva and a Purusa according to Sankhya philosophy. (10 marks)2005Samkhya conception of Purusha (20 marks)
Purusa-Prakriti Relation
2 questions
2013Evaluate the relation, if any, between purusa and prakrti. (12.5 marks)1992Critically examine the nature and the relation between Purush and Prakriti in the Samkhya Philosophy (60 marks)
God in Samkhya
1 question
1992There is no need for God in Samkhya and Yoga systems, as these are fully-consistent even without the idea of God. (20 marks)
1B-17 · Yoga · 20 questions
20 questions · 15 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Citta and Cittavrtti
5 questions
2023Explain Chitta and its modifications in the philosophy of Yoga. Why does Yoga philosophy prescribes cessation of modifications of Chitta? Give reasons in support of your answer. (15 marks)2019How would Yoga philosophy comprehend the Citta-levels of a Scientist, a God-realized Devotee and a Self-realized Yogi? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2017What is meant by “yogashcittavrittinirodhah” ? Explain cittavritti and its effects according to Yoga philosophy. (10 marks)2013Give a critical account of the concept of cittavritti in Yoga philosophy. (12.5 marks)2000Patanjali’s definition of Yoga as Cittavrttinirodha (20 marks)
Samadhi
4 questions
2026Explain, as per Yoga philosophy, the nature of Samadhi with special reference to the difference between Samprajnata Samadhi and Asamprajnata Samadhi. (10 marks)2022Discuss the nature and different stages of Samadhi as per Patanjala voga and examine the role of Isvara in it. (10 marks)2020Explain the difference between Samprajnata Samàdhi and Asamprajnata Samadhi (10 marks)2014Explain the nature and levels of samprajnata samadhi. How does each level lead more towards asamprajnata samadhi? (15 marks)
Kaivalya
3 questions
2024“So long as there are changes and modifications in citta, the self is reflected therein, and, in the absence of discriminative knowledge, identifies itself with them.” Present an appraisal of Yoga Soteriology in the light of the above statement. (15 marks)2015What is bondage according to yoga philosophy? Explain the method of attaining Kaivalya in Patanjali’s yogasutra. (20 marks)2013Explain the possibility of jivanmukti. Critically compare it with the Yoga account of kaivalya. (10 marks)
Isvara
2 questions
2025Explain the nature of God and its role in Kaivalya in yoga philosophy. (15 marks)2018How do the Naiyayikas prove the existence of God? Do the Yoga philosophers prove God in the same way? If yes, how? And if not, why? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)
Klesas
2 questions
2021Explain with reference to Yoga Philosophy, the nature of klešas. How does the removal of these lead to kaivalya? (20 marks)2016What are Kleshas ? How can these be eliminated? Explain. (15 marks)
Yoga as Praxis
2 questions
2012Critically evaluate the statement that Yoga sutra emphasis more on praxis(action) than on theory (reflection) (15 marks)2011Yoga is more than a psycho-physical exercise”. Analyse this statement and support your conclusion with arguments (30 marks)
Samkhya Ontology
1 question
2012Give your critical comments on the assertion that Yoga school broadly accepts Samkhya ontology (15 marks)
Patanjali and Aurobindo
1 question
2009Compare Patanjali’s Yoga with integral Yoga expounded by Aurobindo, bringing out clearly points of similarity and dissimilarity (60 marks)
1B-18 · Mimamsa · 33 questions
33 questions · 24 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Pramanyavada
9 questions
2025Delineate the main points of difference between the theory of intrinsic validation (svatah pramanyavada) and theory of extrinsic validation (pratah pramanyavada) in classical Indian philosophy. (10 marks)2018Does the admission of Svayamprakashavada necessarily lead to the admission of Svatahpramanyavada? Discuss after the Naiyayikas, the Mimamsakas and the Advaita Vedantins. (20 marks)2017Explain the theory of Validity of Knowledge (pramanyavada) according to Mimamsakas. How did they criticize the Nyaya theory of Validity? (20 marks)2015Elaborate Nyaya-Mimamsa debate on Pramanyavada. (20 marks)2013How is the pramanya (validity/truth) of a statement determined? Examine, in this context, the theory of paratah- pramanyavada. (10 marks)2012Discuss the views of Mimamsa and Nyaya on the theory of Pramanyavada . Which of them do find adequate? Give reasons for your answer (15 marks)2011How do Mimamsakas defend Svatah Pramanyavada against the Nalyayika criticism? Discuss (20 marks)2002What is Svatahprmanyavada according in Mimansakas? Is their explanation of error consistent with it? Discuss fully (60 marks)1999What is self-validity of knowledge? Examine the Purva-Mimamsaka arguments against the theory of extrinsic validity of knowledge. (60 marks)
Anupalabdhi and Abhava
5 questions
2025Discuss the debate between the Bhatta and the Prabhakara mimamsakas with reference to the nature of Non- existence (Abhava) and its knowledge. (15 marks)2023Present Bhatta’s view of anupalabdhi (non-cognition) as a valid means of knowledge. (15 marks)2021What, according to Mimarsakas, is the ontological status of abhava (absence) and how does one know it? Explain and examine. (15 marks)2014How is an absence of an object known according to Naiyayikas and Mimamsakas ? Discuss. (15 marks)2008Write Short note on Anupalabdhi as a pramana (20 marks)
Arthapatti
5 questions
2024“A candidate who is never seen to be studying during the day time secures a high position in a competitive exam.” How would the Bhatta Mimamsakas and the Naiyayikas explain the success of this candidate? Discuss. (15 marks)2022How do refute the Nyaya view that Implication (arthapatti) is reducible to Inference (anumana) and establish Implication as an independent means of valid a knowledge (pramana)? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2016What is the logical necessity for the Mimamsakas to treat ‘Arthapatti’ as an independent Pramana ? Discuss. (15 marks)2014Can arthapatti (postulation) be reduced to anumana (inference) ? Discuss it from the Mimamsa point of view. (10 marks)2000Kumarila’s concept of Arthapatti as an independent pramana. (20 marks)
Sabda Pramana
4 questions
2026Bring out the main points of contestation between Naiyayikas and Prabhakara Mimamsakas with reference to knowledge through words (Shabdabodha). (15 marks)2019How did Mimamsa establish the authority of Vedic knowledge? (10 marks)2013Evaluate Prabhakara Mimamsaka’s arguments for accepting shruti as pramana. (12.5 marks)2012Why does Mimamsa give utmost importance to SHABDA PRAMANA the verbal testimony? Is it anything to do with Vedas 7 Give your comments (15 marks)
Theories of Error
3 questions
2026Critically explain the arguments presented by the Akhyativadins for explaining erroneous cognition. Evaluate the arguments against Akhyativadins by the Anyathakhyativadins. (20 marks)2022Inspite of accepting the intrinsic validity of knowledge, why and how Prabhakar and Kumarila differ in their interpretation of erroneous cognition? Discuss. (20 marks)2001Kumarila Bhatta’s explanation of perceptual error (20 marks)
Smrti (Memory)
2 questions
2024On what grounds do the Prabhakaras and the Naiyayikas reject memory as a source of knowledge? Discuss. (15 marks)2020Why is memory not a valid knowledge according to Mihatmasa? (10 marks)
Word Meaning
2 questions
2024How does Bhatta’s view of nature of word-meaning and sentential-meaning differ from Prabhakara’s view? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2023Do words refer to universals or particulars or both? Present an exposition of Nyaya and Mimamsa position with regard to the above question along with suitable examples. (15 marks)
Upamana
1 question
2026Present an account of Upamana as an instrument of knowledge (Pramana). How is Nyaya view of Upamana different from Mimamsa view? Discuss. (20 marks)
Knowledge of Knowledge
1 question
2024How do I know that I know? Answer this question with reference to the Naiyayikas, the Bhatta Mimamsakas, and the Prabhakaras. (20 marks)
Metaphysics
1 question
1996While describing the chief tenets of the Mimamsa metaphysics, critically consider its view in respect of the reality of the phenomenal world (60 marks)
1B-19 · Schools of Vedanta · 75 questions
75 questions · 41 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Sankara vs Ramanuja
11 questions
2023Discuss Ramanuja’s criticism of Shankara’s conception of Brahman and ishvara (God). (20 marks)2021Compare and contrast the views of Shankara and Ramanuja regarding the status of the world. (15 marks)2017Distinguish between vivartavada and parinamavada with reference to causation and explain how in the light of these theories Shankara and Ramanuja differ on the status of the world. (15 marks)2015Compare and contrast the notion of Brahman in Shankara and Ramanuja. (20 marks)2010Both Shankara and Ramanuja are right in their affirmation, but wrong in their denial.” Critically evaluate (30 marks)2010How is Ramanuja’s concept of dharmabhutajnana different from Shankar’s concept of swarupajnana? Explain (15 marks)2008Explain Sankara’s view on the status of Jagat and Ramanuja’s response to it (60 marks)2001Evaluate Sankara’s analysis of moksha in the light of Ramanuja’s arguments. (20 marks)1996Give an account of the nature of Brahman according to Ramanuja. How does he differ from Samkara? (60 marks)1992Bring out the main points of difference between the philosophies of Samkara and Ramanuja (60 marks)1991How do Advaita Vedanta and Visistadvaita Vedanta explain the relation between Brahman and Jiva? Analyze the ontological implications of their theories of this relationship. (60 marks)
Ramanuja · Maya critique
7 questions
2025Examine Ramanuja’s seven objections against Mayavada of Advaita. (10 marks)2018How does Ramanuja refute the doctrine of Maya as propounded by Shankara? Why is Maya needed by both Råmånuja and Shankara to establish their doctrines? Discuss. (15 marks)2013Evaluate Ramanuja’s critique of Samkara’s theory of maya. (12.5 marks)2003Ramanuja criticism of Advaita concept of maya (20 marks)2002Ramanuja’s refutation of Mayavada (20 marks)2000Explain critically the objections raised by Ramanuja against Sankara’s concept of Maya. (60 marks)1994What according to Ramanuja is the cause of the material world? Consider in this connection his critique of the Advaita theory of Maya (60 marks)
Ramanuja · Brahman
6 questions
2026Critically explain Ramanuja’s conception of Brahman with special reference to the difficulties in explaining the relation of Brahman to Spirit (Cit) and Matter (Acit). (15 marks)2017Explain Ramanuja’s conception of God and examine the difficulties he faced in explaining the relation of God to matter and spirit. (15 marks)2012Do you agree with Ramanuja’s view that the nature of Brahman is qualified? Give reasons (15 marks)2006Discuss the Metaphysics of Acharya Ramanuja (60 marks)2004Why is Ramanuja’s philosophy called Visistadvaita? Discuss fully (60 marks)1998Explain the nature of Brahman according to Ramanuja and discuss the relationship of Brahman with Jiva (60 marks)
Sankara · Brahman
6 questions
2025How is Brahman conceptualised in Advaita philosophy as both Nimitta and Upadana Karana of the World? Discuss with suitable examples. (15 marks)2023What is the Advaitin interpretation of the great sentence (mahavakya) “Thou art that’ (tattvam asi)? Briefly discuss. (10 marks)2019Explain the logical consequences of the metaphysical absolutism of Advaitism. (20 marks)2013Distinguish between Svarupa laksana and Tatastha laksana of Brahman after Shankara. (12.5 marks)2007State and explain the difference between Saguna and Nirguna Brahman (60 marks)1990Explain and evaluate the view of Samkara that the Brahman must be free from all the differences (bheda) (60 marks)
Sankara · Jiva and Saksi
6 questions
2025Discuss the idea of Bimba-pratibimbavada as presented in Vedanta philosophy along with its soteriological significance. (20 marks)2022‘Brahma satyam jaganmithya, jivo Brahmaiva näparah’. In the light of this statement explain the ontological status of Isvara, Jiva and Säksi as elucidated in Advaita Vedanta. (20 marks)2020Discuss the nature and relationship of Jiva and Jiva-sakshi to non-dualism. (15 marks)2012Explain the notion of ego or ahankara and its role in the doctrine of Vedanta (15 marks)2003Describe Sankara’s explanation of jiva. Is the justification offered rational? Explain (60 marks)2000Sankara’s view on the nature and reality of individual souls (Jivas). (60 marks)
Madhva · Pancavidhabheda
5 questions
2026Why does the Dualistic School of Vedanta consider that differences (Bhedas) have separate existence and constitute the unique nature of things? Answer with reference to the theory of five-fold difference (Pancavidhabheda). (15 marks)2020Point out the significance of the five-fold differences in the Dualistic School of Vedänta. (10 marks)2015Pancavidhabheda (10 marks)2013Describe the five types of differences (panchavidhabheda). Bring out their philosophical significance for Madhva’s theory. (12.5 marks)2000State and examine the doctrine of Pancabheda in the Dvaita system of Vedanta. (60 marks)
Schools Compared
4 questions
2022How does the concept of liberation (Moksa) of Madhvacarya differ from that of Ramanujacarya ? Explain. (15 marks)2018Give a comparative cxposition of the concept of Moksa as found in the systems of Višistadvaita, Dvaita, Suddhadvaita and Acintyabhedabheda. (20 marks)2016Give a critical exposition of the concept of ‘Brahman’ as discussed by Shankara, Ramanuja and Madhva. (15 marks)2014How does the nature of Brahman differ in the philosophy of Shankara, Ramanuja and Madhva? Discuss critically. (20 marks)
Madhva · Dvaita
4 questions
2021Explain the status of jiva and jagat in the philosophy of Madhvacarya. (15 marks)2005The nature of Brahman, Jiva and Jagat according Madhava (20 marks)2004Madhava’s conception of moksha (20 marks)1998Give a critical account of Madhva Vedanta (60 marks)
Sankara · Maya and Avidya
4 questions
2018What is the difference between the indescribability (Anirvacaniyata) of Brahman and the indescribability (Anirvacaniyata) of Maya in the Advaita Vedanta system? Discuss (10 marks)2012Explain why avidya and maya are considered anirvachniya (indescribable) in advaita vada? (15 marks)2006Examine Shankara’s Mayavada (20 marks)1996Samkara’s doctrine of Maya. (20 marks)
Sankara · Samkhya critique
3 questions
2025Why does Sharnkara consider Sämkhya Philosophy as his chief opponent ( pradhana malla )? Examine his arguments against Samkhya Philosophy. (20 marks)2023“If Purusha and Prakriti are two completely independent realities, then no relation between the two is possible-” In the light of this statement make a brief presentation of Shankara’s criticism of Samkhya dualism (10 marks)2018How do the Advaita Vedantins react to the Prakritiparinamavada of the Samkhya philosophy? How do the Särhkhyas defend their own position in this regard? Discuss. (15 marks)
Sankara · Moksa
3 questions
2023Liberation is defined by Advaita Vedantins as ‘attainment of that which is already attained’. How does Shankara illustrate this statement? Discuss with your own comments. (15 marks)2013‘Not karma, but knowledge alone leads to moksha.’ (Samkara). Do you agree? Justify your answer. (12.5 marks)1999Explain Samkara’s Conception of Moksha. What, in his view, is the relation of karma and Jnana to Moksha? Justify your answer (60 marks)
Sankara · Epistemology
3 questions
2021How do the advocates of (anirvacaniya-khyati)refute the position of the Naiyayikas and establish the position of Advaitins regarding the problem of error? Critically discuss. (20 marks)2018Does the admission of Svayamprakashavada necessarily lead to the admission of Svatahpramanyavada? Discuss after the Naiyayikas, the Mimamsakas and the Advaita Vedantins. (20 marks)1993How is error explained in Nyaya and Advaita Philosophy? Which explanation is more reasonable and why? (60 marks)
Sankara · Adhyasa
3 questions
2014Bring out the significance of the concept of adhyasa in Shankara’s philosophy to develop his metaphysics. (10 marks)2010Is Shankara’s concept of adhyasa logical or psychological? Discuss (15 marks)2005Elucidate Shankara’s conception of Adhyasa (60 marks)
Nimbarka · Dvaitadvaita
2 questions
2026Do you agree with Nimbarka’s explanation of the nature of God, Souls and Matter? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2020Discuss the nature and types of matier according to Nimbarka. (10 marks)
Sankara · Vivartavada
2 questions
2022Do you agree with the view that ‘Vivartavada is the logical development of Parinamavada’? Give reasons in support of your answer. (10 marks)2012Write a note on Shankara’s Vivartavada and discuss its implications (15 marks)
Sankara · Isvara
2 questions
2016Evaluate Shankara’s position on Ishvara. (10 marks)2013How can Ishvara (God) be distinguished from Brahman (Absolute)? Which of the two concepts are philosophically better? (12.5 marks)
Advaita and Madhyamika
2 questions
1995It is sometimes said that the difference between Madhyamika School of Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta is only superficial and verbal. Do you agree with this view? Compare in this context the chief episte-mological and metaphysical tenets of the madhyamika school and of Advaita Vedanta (60 marks)1992Mayavada of Advaita is only a re-statement of Sunyavada of the Madhyamika System with minor modifications (20 marks)
Ramanuja · Aprthaksiddhi
1 question
2024“In Vishishtadvaita philosophy, the relationship between God and the world is parallel to that between an individual self and its body.” Critically discuss. (10 marks)
Atman (Indian Views)
1 question
2016Is the doctrine of ‘Self’ acceptable in the modern age of science and reason? Examine the view in the light of Indian philosophy. (15 marks)
1B-20 · Sri Aurobindo · 18 questions
18 questions · 14 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Integral Yoga
4 questions
2026Explain the basic characteristics of Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Yoga for the realization of supramental consciousness through triple transformation. (15 marks)2024“Our Yoga is a double movement of ascent and descent.” Discuss the above statement in the context of Sri Aurobindo’s conception of Integral Yoga. (15 marks)2017How does Sri Aurobindo’s integral yoga help in the realization of supramental consciousness? Discuss. (15 marks)2015Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Yoga (10 marks)
Evolution and Involution
4 questions
2016Discuss Aurobindo’s views on ‘Evolution’ and ‘Involution’. How do they differ from traditional Yoga philosophy? (20 marks)2012‘Involution is the precondition of Evolution’. Explain the role of involution in the world process (15 marks)2010How are evolution and involution related in Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy? (15 marks)2008Sri Aurobindo’s conception of evolution and involution. (20 marks)
Supermind
3 questions
2023Explain the nature and role of Supermind in evolution as per Aurobindo’s philosophy. (10 marks)2019Explain the unique position of the super mind in the metaphysical scheme of Aurobindo’s philosophy. (15 marks)2000Sri Aurobindo on the Supermind (20 marks)
Triple Transformation
2 questions
2022Explain and evaluate the role of integral yoga in the process of triple transformation for individual evolution as expounded by Sri Aurobindo. (15 marks)2018What is Evolution according to Sri Aurobindo? Describe the process of triple transformation and the nature of gnostic being in his philosophy. (15 marks)
The Two Negations
1 question
2025‘Both Ascetic and materialist are partial in their negation of each other’. Explain Sri Aurobindo’s integral philosophy in the light of the above statement. (15 marks)
Psychic Being
1 question
2021According to Shri Aurobindo, “the awakening of the psychic being and its gradual prominence over all other parts of the being is the first step in the conscious evolution of man’. Explain and examine. (20 marks)
Life Divine
1 question
2020What does Aurobindo mean by lite divine as a possibility and inevitability? (20 marks)
Integral vs Patanjala Yoga
1 question
2014How is Sri Aurobindo’s integral yoga an advancement over Patanjala yoga ? Discuss. (15 marks)
Cosmic Salvation
1 question
2013Explain Sri Aurobindo’s conception of cosmic salvation through spiritual evolution of the individual. (10 marks)
Paper II
Philosophy Optional Paper II PYQs: Socio-Political Philosophy and Philosophy of Religion
Tap a unit to open its full question list, grouped by sub-topic and sorted newest first.
Section A: Socio-Political Philosophy
2A-01 · Social and Political Ideals: Equality, Justice, Liberty · 44 questions
44 questions · 27 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Rawls · Justice as Fairness
6 questions
2026Why does Rawls consider it necessary that the two principles of justice be applied in lexical order? Explain. (10 marks)2023What is meant by justice as fairness? Explain Rawls’ theory of justice. (10 marks)2016A well-ordered society, according to Rawls, is effectively regulated by a public conception of justice. Do you agree ? Give reasons. (10 marks)2013What is meant by justice as fairness’? Explain the basic tenets of Rawls’ theory of justice. (15 marks)2011The Fundamental idea of the conception of justice is fairness. Discuss (10 marks)2007According to some liberal political thinkers, social and economic inequalities can be justified only if they work to the advantage of the least advantaged members of the society. Is this view consistent with the liberalism’s cardinal advocacy of individual freedom? Discuss (60 marks)
Liberty and Equality
6 questions
2024Critically evaluate the concepts of liberty and equality as political ideals. (15 marks)2022“Complete liberty may lead to inequality while order and restrictions imply a necessary loss of freedom.” Critically discuss. (10 marks)2019Does liberty put limitations to equality? Discuss. (15 marks)2018How far can liberty and equality be considered as distinctive features of democracy? Discuss. (20 marks)2010Discuss the nature of relationship between liberty and equality (15 marks)2009Comment on the relationship between equality and freedom (30 marks)
Equality
5 questions
2025Discuss the salient features of equality according to J.S. Mill. (10 marks)2021How does Rousseau distinguish between natural and artificial inequality? Explain. (10 marks)2015“Equality does not mean treating everyone equal.” Discuss. (10 marks)2004Critically examine – “Unless the ideal of equality is embedded within a broader theory of politics and society, it can be given no specific content. (20 marks)2002Critically examine – “The concept of equality as a political ideal.” (20 marks)
Classical Justice
4 questions
2024Briefly discuss Plato’s concept of justice. (10 marks)2019How far do you think Jhon Rawls is continuing with Plato’s concept of justice? (10 marks)2013Explain and evaluate Aristotle’s conception of justice. (20 marks)2008Justice is treating equals as equals and unequals as unequals.” Discuss (20 marks)
Liberty
4 questions
2020Is the concept of ‘liberty’ realizable in the modern technological society? Explain. (10 marks)2003Critically examine – “Freedom as liberation from samsara. (20 marks)2000J.S. Mill on Liberty (20 marks)1997Liberty (20 marks)
Negative vs Positive Liberty
3 questions
2026Negative liberty seems to embody the idea of ultimate personal freedom, whereas positive liberty enables individuals to achieve their full potential. Discuss. (15 marks)2016Is liberty a positive and equal opportunity of self-realization? Discuss. (20 marks)2007Negative freedom can perhaps ensure freedom to choose, but without any credible assurance for its actual fulfillment (20 marks)
Sen vs Rawls
3 questions
2021Discuss whether Amartya Sen’s idea of justice is an improvement upon Rawl’s theory of justice. (20 marks)2014Discuss Amartya Sen’s principle of Niti as a critique of Nyaya. (15 marks)2013How is Amartya Sen’s approach to justice different from that of Rawls? (15 marks)
Theories of Justice
3 questions
2021Discuss critically the distributive theory of justice as propounded by R. Nozick. (10 marks)2007Free market economy is the only way to attain social justice (20 marks)1998The notion of justice is usually divided into distributive and retributive justice. Explain the distinction and critically discuss the grounds on which the distinction is made (60 marks)
Justice in Indian Context
3 questions
2017How far do Marx, Gandhi and Amartya Sen agree and disagree on the concept of justice in the Indian democracy? Discuss. (15 marks)2011Can issue relating to gender discrimination be me by the conception of justice as fairness? Discuss (20 marks)2011Which principle of justice can, in your view, be most helpful in addressing the issues related to caste discrimination and why? (20 marks)
Liberty, Equality, Justice
2 questions
2025How are both equality and liberty inadequate as social and political ideals without justice? Discuss. (20 marks)2015“Equality will be of no value without fraternity and liberty.” Discuss. (15 marks)
Marxian Equality
2 questions
2022Explain the difference between the notion of equity and equality with reference to Marxian philosophy. (15 marks)2017Discuss the different aspects of the fundamental distinction between democratic equality and the Marxian notion of equality. (10 marks)
Liberalism vs Socialism
2 questions
2010Which type of individual according to you can contribute more to strengthen the state – a liberalist or a socialist? (20 marks)2004Despite their self-proclaimed commitment to the ideal of individual of freedom, this ideal is one of the most contentious issues between socialism and liberalism. Why? Discuss (60 marks)
Social Contract Theory
1 question
2024Present a brief account of origin and development of Social Contract Theory. (10 marks)
2A-02 · Sovereignty: Austin, Bodin, Laski, Kautilya · 25 questions
25 questions · 18 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Laski · Pluralism
4 questions
2023Elucidate why the absolute nature of sovereignty was rejected by Laski. (20 marks)2018Critically evaluate Laski’s view on sovereignty as a satisfactory position in political theory. (15 marks)2016On what grounds does Laski criticize Austin’s concept of sovereignty? (15 marks)2015Explain Harold Laski’s critique of sovereignty. (10 marks)
Bodin · Sovereignty
4 questions
2022What arguments does Bodin present to contend that sovereignty must be absolute, perpetual and undivided? Is Bodin’s conception of sovereignty compatible with the social and political ideals of equality, justice and liberty? Critically discuss. (20 marks)2020Explain the importance of Bodin’s theory of sovereignty. (10 marks)2016“Sovereignty is the supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law. ” Discuss. (10 marks)2010Does Bodin’s theory of sovereignty float in the air? Critically examine (20 marks)
Kautilya · Sovereignty
3 questions
2024What insights does the *Arthasastra* offer with regard to the concept of sovereignty? Does it have any relevance in the modern times? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2021Discuss Kautilya’s contribution regarding the concept of sovereignty. Is it applicable in a democratic form of government? Explain. (15 marks)2018Discuss Kautilya’s concept of sovereignty in the light of Danda-neeti’. (10 marks)
Austin · Monism
3 questions
2021Is Austin’s theory of sovereignty compatible with democracy? Discuss. (10 marks)2014Explain the significance of John Austin’s theory of sovereignty. How does it differ from that of Hobbes? (10 marks)2000Critically examine John Austin’s monistic theory of sovereignty. (60 marks)
Kautilya vs Western Theories
3 questions
2019Discuss how far does Austin’s concept of sovereignty go along with Kautilya’s concept of sovereignty. (20 marks)2017Discuss whether Kautilya’s concept of sovereignty turns into a despotic rule. How far is it comparable to Bodin’s concept? Discuss. (15 marks)2011Compare and contrast Kautilya’s ‘ Saptanga’ Theory of the Sovereign State with Bodin’s theory of Sovereignty (15 marks)
Kautilya · Rajamandala
2 questions
2026Evaluate the importance of Kautilya’s theory of Rajamandala in the context of sovereignty. (20 marks)2025There is no permanent friend or permanent enemy.’ Discuss this statement in the light of Kautilya’s view on Sovereignty. (15 marks)
Western Thinkers Compared
2 questions
2012Who amongst Austin, Bodin and Laski is the most consistent in his analysis of the concept of sovereignty? (12 marks)2009Compare Bodin’s and Austin’s views on sovereignty (20 marks)
Monism vs Pluralism
1 question
2026Explain the contrast between the monistic and pluralistic approaches to sovereignty. (15 marks)
Sovereignty Today
1 question
2020State and explain the relevance of the doctrine of sovereignty in times of globalization. (15 marks)
Kautilya · Saptanga
1 question
2008Critically examine Kautilya’s saptang theory of sovereign state (20 marks)
Nature of Sovereignty
1 question
2006Explain the notion of sovereignty. Critically consider in this context the claim that sovereignty is illimitable and logically indivisible (60 marks)
2A-03 · Individual and State: Rights, Duties, Accountability · 26 questions
26 questions · 15 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Rights and Duties
6 questions
2025“Duties are of the nature of obligation while Rights are of the nature of entitlement. Therefore there is no necessary connection between the two.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons and justification for your answer. (15 marks)2017Out of rights and duties, which one is prior to the other? Discuss in the context of accountability. (10 marks)2012Can we dissociate rights of citizens from their duties (12 marks)2011Can citizens have rights without duties? Discuss with examples (20 marks)2009Rights and duties are complementary.” Explain (20 marks)2008Do rights necessarily imply corresponding obligations? To whom does one primarily own obligations – individuals or state? Discuss (60 marks)
Accountability
3 questions
2023Do you agree that duty and accountability must be given priority over rights for the better functioning of a State? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2019Do rights make citizens accountable to the state? Argue in the context of the present Indian scenario. (20 marks)2010Does accountability necessarily contribute to moral perfection? Offer your views (15 marks)
Nature of Rights
3 questions
2022Does idea of unconditional rights necessarily lead to anarchy? Critically examine. (15 marks)2016Evaluate the statement that all human beings have certain unalienable rights. (10 marks)2016“The right of free speech implies the genuine independence of the judiciary and its complete separation from the executive.” Evaluate. (15 marks)
Indian Context
3 questions
2020Is Indian tradition antagonistic to Individual Rights? Consider it by taking recourse to the doctrine of Human Rights. (15 marks)2013What is the significance of including duties of citizens in the Indian Constitution? (10 marks)2011Can the conception of ‘rights’ of citizens be sustained in a society characterized by caste discrimination? Discuss (20 marks)
Plato and Aristotle
2 questions
2026Is Plato’s vision of an ideal state compatible with the rights and liberties of individual citizens? Discuss. (10 marks)2024Do you agree with the view that Aristotle was more successful than Plato in steering a middle course between ‘Statism’ and ‘Individualism’? Discuss with arguments. (20 marks)
Human Rights
2 questions
2021Evaluate whether the social contract theory adequately addresses the different issues of human rights. (15 marks)2018“Human rights and human dignity would no longer be the product of a particular culture, rather a common human aspiration for an ideal world.” Discuss. (20 marks)
Individual vs Group Rights
2 questions
2015How are individual and group rights reconciled in democracy? Explain. (10 marks)2014“All human rights are centred on individual rights.” Discuss. (20 marks)
Idealist Theory of State
2 questions
2005Critically examine – “State is the actuality of concrete freedom” (20 marks)1999We obey the state because in the end it most truly represents ourselves.” Discuss the relation of the individual and the state in the light of the above concept of the state (60 marks)
Individual and State
2 questions
2000Are the claims of the State and the Individual really mutually conflicting? Discuss. (60 marks)1997The individual is not merely a constituent, but a significant constituent contributing to the development of the State.’ Explain and examine (60 marks)
Kant · Duties
1 question
2011Discuss Kant’s distinction between duties of perfect and imperfect obligation. (10 marks)
2A-04 · Forms of Government: Monarchy, Theocracy, Democracy · 38 questions
38 questions · 23 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Comparing Forms of Govt
6 questions
2026“The two antagonistic state structures – monarchy and democracy, both share some common features with dictatorship”. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (15 marks)2022Are monarchy and theocracy necessarily related? Discuss with reference to the theory of Divine Right. (15 marks)2017Discuss whether a blending of monarchy with democracy is conceivable to avoid their undesirable defects for making the governance better for citizens and State. (10 marks)2014In what sense is democracy a better form of Government than theocracy? (15 marks)2013Is a democratic government better than a benevolent dictatorship? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)2002Do you think that democracy is the best form of government? Is there any scope of “beyond democracy”? In this context, analyze the notion of meritocracy (60 marks)
Nature of Democracy
6 questions
2015Evaluate the nature and functions of parliamentary democracy. (15 marks)2013What is meant by ‘democracy’? What are the various forms of democratic governments? (15 marks)2008Democratic government claims to be promoting the principles of political philosophy of democracy (20 marks)2004Critically examine – The concept of democracy an essentially contested concept (20 marks)2000Representative democracy vs Direct democracy. (20 marks)1997“Democracy is not merely a form of Government, but a way of life as well.” Discuss (60 marks)
Critiques of Democracy
5 questions
2025Comment on Plato’s critique of Democracy. (10 marks)2012Democracy, committed to treating everybody equally, is ineffective as a system of government (12 marks)2007Critically examine – democracy that gives equal weight to everyone’s opinion is inefficient in determining the right or wrong thing to do (20 marks)2006Critically examine – democracy which treats everybody’s opinion equally is inefficient in determining the right thing to do (20 marks)2001Critically examine – “The idea of democracy is paradoxical. (20 marks)
Marxism and Democracy
4 questions
2026On what grounds does Marxism criticize pure democracy? (10 marks)2016Is the State an agency for expressing the will of the ruling classes ? Examine. (20 marks)2013Does the combination of democracy and socialism lead to a more equitable society? (10 marks)2005Political democracy is hollow unless accompanied with power in the area of economics (20 marks)
Challenges to Democracy
3 questions
2026Examine the relationship between democracy and development. Does democracy promote or hinder development? (15 marks)2023Explain the challenges faced by a democratic state and the ways to overcome them. (15 marks)2022Discuss propaganda as a challenge to democratic form of government. (20 marks)
Theocracy
3 questions
2025Can Theocracy be accepted as a valid form of Government? Give reasons and justification in support of your answer. (15 marks)2019Discuss the status of theocracy in the modern secular state. (10 marks)2009Is theocracy an outdated ideology? Discuss (30 marks)
Monarchy
3 questions
2023If monarchs are above politics, can monarchy be a systematic form of government? Discuss . (10 marks)2021Does monarchy as a form of government leave room for individual freedom? Explain. (10 marks)2009Define monarchy. Is it ethically justified? (20 marks)
Majority and Minorities
3 questions
2020How far do the liberal democracies safeguard the interests of minorities? Evaluate critically. (10 marks)2013Is a democratic government able to represent the interests of minority groups? (15 marks)2010Is majority rule meaningfully reflected in present-day democratic governments? Substantiate your answer with suitable example (20 marks)
Liberal Democracy
3 questions
2018What is meant by liberal democracy? Does it require deeper principles for social cohesion to balance its own strong affirmation of individual rights? Give reasons from the Indian context. (10 marks)2018How far can liberty and equality be considered as distinctive features of democracy? Discuss. (20 marks)1999Liberal Democracy (20 marks)
Civil Disobedience
2 questions
2015Is civil disobedience in a democratic State justifiable? Discuss. (10 marks)2011In a Democracy does a citizen ever have the moral right to break a law? Discuss citizens right to civil disobedience (15 marks)
2A-05 · Political Ideologies: Anarchism, Marxism, Socialism · 29 questions
29 questions · 19 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Anarchism
7 questions
2026Anarchism is not an independent political ideology in itself, rather it is inspired by liberalism on the one hand and socialism on the other. Analyze. (10 marks)2023Critically examine the anarchist’s view that “all States always and everywhere are illegitimate and unjust.” (10 marks)2021Discuss anarchism as a political ideology. Is it possible to dispense with political authority completely? Give reasons for your answer. (20 marks)2020Do you think that the prevailing pandemic will lead to anarchism in society? Discuss. (10 marks)2018Do you subscribe to the political ideology of Anarchists? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2017Discuss in the context of anarchy whether the freedom of an individual is consistent with the sovereignty of the State. (10 marks)2012Critical notes: Political ideology of Anarchism (12 marks)
Marxism vs Socialism
4 questions
2024Compare socialism and communism as two distinct political ideologies. (10 marks)2011What are the basic differences between Marxism and Socialism? (20 marks)2011Can it be said that Socialism is a weaker version of Marxism? (20 marks)2000Point out the doctrinal differences between Socialism and Marxism. (20 marks)
Marxism · Evaluation
3 questions
2025Evaluate Marxism as a Political Ideology. (15 marks)2020How far is Marxism as a philosophical doctrine relevant in the present context? Justify your answer. (15 marks)2019What do you consider to be the future of Marxism in the context of the prevalent free market economy? (15 marks)
Gandhian Thought
3 questions
2021Discuss the distinctive features of Gandhian Socialism and its contemporary relevance. (15 marks)2019Evaluate Mahatma Gandhi as a political anarchist. (10 marks)1997Compare and contrast Marxism with the ideal of ‘Sarvodaya’ (60 marks)
Democratic Socialism
3 questions
2016“Socialism itself is the fulfilment of democracy.” Analyse. (10 marks)2011Is Democratic Socialism a contradiction in terms? Discuss (20 marks)2010Which type of socialism, according to you, is superior – utopian or democratic? Why? (20 marks)
Nature of Socialism
2 questions
2019Can gender equality be realized within a socialist regime? Analyse. (10 marks)2007Describe your understanding of socialism. Must it be defined in normative terms of a set of values and ideals which socialists seek to realize, or in descriptive terms of the specific economic and political institutions of socialist society? Can the tension between the two be adequately resolved? Discuss (60 marks)
Marxism and Freedom
2 questions
2018Are Marxian Socialism and individual freedom consistent? Discuss critically. (15 marks)2017Does Marxism curb individual freedom in the name of protecting social justice? Discuss. (20 marks)
Wolff · Autonomy
2 questions
2007Critically examine – ‘Acceptance of the authority of the state is inconsistent with the highest duty of mankind, “the duty to act autonomously” (Robert Paul Wolff) (20 marks)2006Critically ‘Acceptance of the authority of the state is inconsistent with the highest duty of mankind, “the duty to act autonomously” (Robert Paul Wolff) (20 marks)
Marxism and Democracy
1 question
2026On what grounds does Marxism criticize pure democracy? (10 marks)
Marx · Alienation
1 question
2024Present an exposition of the concept of alienation as propounded by Marx. (10 marks)
Historical Materialism
1 question
2023Explain Historical Materialism and discuss its relevance in the context of social development and change. (20 marks)
2A-06 · Humanism, Secularism and Multiculturalism · 36 questions
36 questions · 26 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Multiculturalism · Value
5 questions
2024Discuss the role of ethical principles of tolerance and coexistence for the rise of multicultural societies. (15 marks)2018Do you subscribe to the view that Indian cultural identity needs to integrate the principles of multi-culturalism and respect for the dignity of each person? Justify your answer. (10 marks)2016Can we consider “freedom from domination” as one of the justifications for multiculturalism? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)2015Is multiculturalism a need of global society? Discuss. (20 marks)2008Is multiculturalism a boon or a bane? Discuss (60 marks)
Secularism · Indian Model
5 questions
2023Secularism is not a rejection of religion but acceptance of all religions. Discuss. (15 marks)2017Do you agree with the view that secularism as a western ideal is redundant in the Indian context? Discuss in the context of the multicultural Indian society. (20 marks)2013Does the idea of equal respect to all religions provide a consistent and viable state policy? (10 marks)2012Secularism in Indian context is not a rejection of religion but fellowship of religions.” Discuss (20 marks)2000Secularism in the Indian context (20 marks)
Humanism · Marxist & Radical
5 questions
2014How do we distinguish Liberal humanism and Marxist humanism? (10 marks)2012In what ways is humanism different Marxism? Discuss (20 marks)2005What is humanism? What are its different kinds? In what way if any is M. N. Roy’s radical humanism different from Marxism? Discuss (60 marks)1999Explain humanism and discuss the essential features of radical humanism (60 marks)1998Socialistic Humanism (20 marks)
Secularism · Concept
4 questions
2025Is the idea of secularism necessarily related to the idea of religious pluralism? Discuss. (10 marks)2020Do you think that secularism requires complete separation of religion and ‘state’? Discuss. (10 marks)2015How is religious nationalism a threat to secular State? Explain. (15 marks)2009Is secularism analogous to atheism? Examine in Indian context. (30 marks)
Multiculturalism · Normative
4 questions
2022Critically analyze the descriptive and normative aspects of multiculturalism. (15 marks)2019What are the descriptive and normative perspectives on ideas of multiculturalism? (15 marks)2014How does multiculturalism redefine liberal notions like identity, freedom and equality and reformulate its assumptions? (10 marks)2014Explain descriptive and normative perspectives on multiculturalism. (15 marks)
Multiculturalism · Challenges
3 questions
2026Examine the challenges faced by a multicultural society in creating a harmonious balance between group rights and individual rights. (15 marks)2023Critically examine the challenges faced by a multicultural society with reference to India. (10 marks)2012What is multiculturalism? Can it be impediment for development and progress? Discuss (20 marks)
Humanism · Enlightenment
2 questions
2024Delineate the central tenets of Humanism. How does advent of enlightenment in Europe pave the way for Humanism? Discuss. (20 marks)2022Discuss the role of enlightenment movement in the rise of humanism. (10 marks)
Secularism · Gandhi & Ambedkar
2 questions
2024Present an exposition of Gandhi’s views on secularism as one of the foundational principles of democracy. (15 marks)2019Examine whether there is any difference between the views of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the philosophical foundations of secular democracy. (20 marks)
Humanism · Religion
2 questions
2021Can humanism be a substitute for religion? Explain and evaluate in the context of the present Indian society. (15 marks)2006Critically examine “Christian humanism is a contradiction in terms. (20 marks)
Multiculturalism · Concept
2 questions
2020What do you understand by multiculturalism? Explain the structural Characteristics that make a nation multicultural. (15 marks)2018What do you understand by multi-culturalism? How are globalization and multi-culturalism related? How does their relationship affect cultural changes? (20 marks)
Humanism · Tagore
1 question
2025How does the reconciliation of opposites take place in the Humanism of Tagore? Evaluate. (15 marks)
Humanism · Concept & Kinds
1 question
2018What form of humanism do you approve of as relevant in the present-day context? Discuss in detail. (15 marks)
2A-07 · Crime and Punishment · 33 questions
33 questions · 21 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Capital Punishment
9 questions
2026Retributivism presents a deontological justification for capital punishment, whereas deterrence presents a consequential justification for it. Explain. (20 marks)2025Can one’s right to life be absolute? Answer with reference to the idea of Capital Punishment. (20 marks)2024On what grounds would you accept or reject the idea of capital punishment as an effective deterrent? Discuss. (15 marks)2022What are the moral justifications of capital punishment? Discuss. (10 marks)2019Does capital punishment weaken the doctrine of social justice? Discuss. (15 marks)2017Can you justify capital punishment for crimes like rape, murder and corruption? Discuss. (15 marks)2011Can capital punishment be justified? Answer with reference to the theories of punishment (15 marks)2010If capital punishment is legally awarded, then no ethico-politico consideration should subvert it. Express your opinion for or against (20 marks)2009Is capital punishment in your view ethically justified? (30 marks)
Theories of Punishment
5 questions
2014Which theory of punishment, retributive or restorative, do you recommend and why? (20 marks)2008Punishment rules all creatures, punishment preserves them all. (20 marks)2007Consider why punishment is generally thought to require justification. In this context, give your critical and comparative account of the main theories of punishment (60 marks)2006Describe the tension between consequentialist and retributivist theory of punishments. Discuss critically in this context the view that argues that since no existing penal system for crime prevention has adequate justification, state punishment cannot be justified; and therefore, it should be completely abolished (60 marks)2003Critically examine – “Retributive and deterrent theories of punishment are mutually complementary (20 marks)
Corruption · Nature
4 questions
2025“Corrupt practices reveal an inherent tension between particularistic and universalistic normative standards.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons and justification for your answer. (10 marks)2022In corruption a systemic issues or an ethical issue? Give your critical comments. (10 marks)2019Is corruption not a form of mass violence? Discuss. (10 marks)2013Does corruption have not only a moral dimension but also an economic dimension? (10 marks)
Retributive Theory
3 questions
2020Do you think that retributive theory of punishment is against human rights? Discuss. (15 marks)2015“The aim of punishment is to defend the moral law and to do justice to criminal.” Discuss. (15 marks)2000Retributive Theory of Punishment (20 marks)
Corruption · Remedies
2 questions
2026How does value based education address the problem of corruption? (10 marks)2018What measures do you suggest to eradicate corruption in Indian democracy? (10 marks)
Proportionality
2 questions
2023“Severity of punishment should be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.”– Do you agree that while punishing a juvenile, the nature of the crime should be considered? Justify your answer. (20 marks)2004Discuss the notion of punishment. Consider in this context the importance and implications of the principle of proportionality of punishment which requires that severity of punishment be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime (60 marks)
Reformative Theory
2 questions
2021Explain the reformative theory of punishment and discuss whether this is in tune with human dignity. (15 marks)2016“The goal in punishing should be to reform the individual.” Comment. (10 marks)
Corruption · Causes
2 questions
2020How far do the social and political regimes condition corrupt practices in a nation-state? Discuss. (15 marks)2014Analyse the statement with reasons that “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (20 marks)
Genocide
2 questions
2014Can we say that racial supremacy is the main reason for genocide? Give reasons for your answer. (10 marks)2010List the various sanctions permitting genocide and clearly bring out the ethical counter-arguments against it (20 marks)
Mass Violence
1 question
2012What can be the causes of mass violence? Can mass violence be justified on moral ground? Discuss (30 marks)
Deterrent Theory
1 question
2009“You are not punished for stealing the sheep, but you are punished so that no sheep is stolen.” Discuss as to which theory of punishment this statement belongs (20 marks)
2A-08 · Development and Social Progress · 15 questions
15 questions · 12 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Economic vs Social Progress
4 questions
2024Is economic development a necessary condition, sufficient condition, both or neither, in order to achieve social progress? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (15 marks)2022Do you agree that economic development does not on its own lead to human development and social progress? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (20 marks)2016Is it possible to measure social progress independent of economic development ? Discuss. (15 marks)2015“Inequitable development leads to social conflicts rather than social progress.” Explain. (10 marks)
Ethical Basis of Progress
3 questions
2017Critically evaluate whether the ideal of social progress gives a secondary significance to an individual’s freedom over his duties. (15 marks)2017Evaluate the concept of social development as rooted in ethical principles against the concept of social progress being based on economic and political ideals. (20 marks)2010Is social progress possible without humanism? Examine (15 marks)
Technology and Skills
2 questions
2023In the present scenario, will the emphasis on skill education enhance development? Evaluate. (15 marks)2019Does technological development lead to progress in the ethical standards of the society? Explain. (15 marks)
Concept of Progress
2 questions
2005What do you understand by progress? Have human beings made progress in all fields of their activity? Discuss (60 marks)2000Concept of social progress and human development. (20 marks)
Democracy and Development
1 question
2026Examine the relationship between democracy and development. Does democracy promote or hinder development? (15 marks)
Tribal Values
1 question
2025Is it possible to reconcile the concept of development with tribal values to bring social and economic progress? Discuss. (15 marks)
Gandhian Development
1 question
2020State and examine the Gandhian concept of social development. (20 marks)
Alienation
1 question
2014By eliminating alienation can we bring social progress? Critically analyse. (15 marks)
2A-09 · Gender Discrimination · 30 questions
30 questions · 23 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Land & Property Rights
7 questions
2026Does providing land and property rights to women constitute a necessary condition or a sufficient condition or both for ensuring social equality among the genders ? Discuss. (15 marks)2023Do you agree that the rights concerning land and property have empowered women? Discuss. (10 marks)2021How far can land and property rights be effective in empowerment of women? Explain. (10 marks)2017Is empowerment of women a sufficient means to their equal rights to land, property and divorce? Discuss in the context of religious sanctions. (15 marks)2012Denial of access and inheritance of land and property to women is denial of their fundamental as human.” Discuss (20 marks)2010Does the right to property bring economic disparity and threat human fraternity? Discuss (20 marks)2000Gender empowerment and property rights of women in India. (20 marks)
Gender as Construct
5 questions
2025How does gender as a social construct affect individuals’ opportunities, rights, and access to resources? Critically discuss. (10 marks)2022Discuss gender as a cultural category as opposed to sex as a biological category. (15 marks)2019Consider critically, that gender discrimination is a rather man-made concept but not naturally endowed. (15 marks)2014“One is not born a woman, but she becomes a woman.” Critically comment on it. (15 marks)2005Critically examine – “sex is the biological category whereas gender is a culturally shaped expression of sexual difference. (20 marks)
Female Foeticide
5 questions
2024Discuss gender equality as a necessary condition to achieve empowerment of women. Also examine the role of women empowerment in curbing the menace of female foeticide. (20 marks)2023How does gender discrimination lead to female foeticide and social imbalance? Discuss. (15 marks)2021What are the main causes of female foeticide in India? Is it the result of demonic application of technology only? Discuss. (15 marks)2018How do you evaluate gender discrimination in the context of female foeticide? (15 marks)2012Is there any necessary connection between social progress and protection against female foeticide? Discuss (20 marks)
Empowerment
3 questions
2020Do you agree that empowering women can eliminate gender discrimination? Discuss. (20 marks)2016Do you agree that women become empowered through collective reflection and decision-making? Discuss. (15 marks)2012Woman empowerment and social justice (12 marks)
Gender Equality
3 questions
2019Can gender equality be realized within a socialist regime? Analyse. (10 marks)2015What does gender discrimination mean? Is it not a violation of equality and social justice? Discuss. (20 marks)2013What do you understand by ‘gender equality’ and why is it important? (20 marks)
Economic Empowerment
2 questions
2015Does economic empowerment of women eliminate gender discrimination? Discuss. (15 marks)2013Is economic independence essential for equality between men and women? (15 marks)
Political Empowerment
2 questions
2013Why is adequate representation of women in political institutions important in this context? (15 marks)2010Can only the political empowerment of women wipe out gender discrimination in a male-dominated Indian society? (20 marks)
Feminism
1 question
2018Is feminism an ideology for empowerment or for equality? Discuss. (15 marks)
Crimes Against Women
1 question
2017Will a severe punishment for crimes against women change the mind-set of society? Justify your position. (15 marks)
Gandhi on Women
1 question
2016“To me the female sex is not the weaker sex. It is the nobler of the two.” Evaluate this statement of Gandhi. (20 marks)
2A-10 · Caste Discrimination: Gandhi and Ambedkar · 19 questions
19 questions · 17 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Gandhi vs Ambedkar
5 questions
2025Present a detailed account of the debate between Gandhi and Ambedkar on the issue of caste discrimination. (20 marks)2019Examine whether there is any difference between the views of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the philosophical foundations of secular democracy. (20 marks)2014What are the basic differences between Gandhi and Ambedkar regarding caste system in India? (15 marks)2012What were Gandhi’s views on varna and jati ? Critically discuss Ambedkar’s disagreement with Gandhi’s treatment of varna (30 marks)2000Gandhi and Ambedkar on the removal of untouchability. (20 marks)
Ambedkar · Caste Critique
4 questions
2021Discuss the views of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar regarding caste-discrimination in Indian Society. What are the measures suggested by him for its elimination? Explain. (20 marks)2017Is caste discrimination a result of the superiority complex of a privileged class of the society or of religious rituals? Discuss with reference to the views propounded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. (10 marks)2016How did Ambedkar analyse the caste system from the historical and social perspectives ? Explain. (15 marks)2015Evaluate Ambedkar’s critique of caste system. (15 marks)
Ambedkar · Annihilation
2 questions
2026How has Ambedkar applied the concept of ‘Social Endosmosis’ for annihilation of castes. Evaluate its relevance for contemporary debates on identity and the politics of difference. (20 marks)2023Critically analyze the social and political significance of Ambedkar’s notion of annihilation of caste. (15 marks)
Caste · Democracy
2 questions
2022In the age of individualism and universal franchise, what role does caste play in body-politic? Discuss. (10 marks)2013Is there any impact of caste discrimination on democracy in Indian context? (10 marks)
Gandhi · Varna & Caste
2 questions
2022Critically evaluate Gandhi’s views on eradication of caste discrimination. (15 marks)2018It is said that the traditional hold of caste-based groups on Indian social behaviour has survived all attempts to build alternate identities. Discuss in the light of M.K. Gandhi. (10 marks)
Caste · Causes
1 question
2024Discuss the main factors responsible for caste discrimination. (10 marks)
Ambedkar · Social Change
1 question
2020State and examine B.R. Ambedkar’s contribution towards social changes in Independent India. (20 marks)
Ambedkar · Humanism
1 question
2015“Man must grow materially as well as spiritually.” Evaluate this statement of Ambedkar. (20 marks)
Caste · Justice
1 question
2014If caste discrimination has continuity and hierarchy, which principle of justice can dissolve this problem? (10 marks)
Section B: Philosophy of Religion
2B-11 · Notions of God · 38 questions
38 questions · 29 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Nature of Religion
7 questions
2020Discuss the significance of ‘Religion’ vis-à-vis the present scientific and technological development. (10 marks)2020Distinguish between prayer and worship and determine their place in religion. (15 marks)2019Is religion a uniting force for humanity in the globalizing world as of today? Discuss. (10 marks)2019Can there be a philosophical argument to support violence in the name of religion? Discuss. (10 marks)2011Discuss the salient features of traditional orthodox religion (15 marks)2011Religion is not just false, it is harmful.” Discuss. 15 (10 marks)2008Comment on the statement – “Religion only promised, but never fulfilled the promise. (30 marks)
Omnipotence and Omniscience
4 questions
2026Present an account of criticisms against omniscience and omnipotence as attributes of God. (15 marks)2020Is there any compatibility between ‘Freedom of Will’ and ‘Omnipotent God’? Discuss. (10 marks)2007God is not the subject to the law of logic. Critical notes (20 marks)2007Traditionally omnipotence has been seen as one of the attributes of God. But, according to some critic, the notion of omnipotent being is paradoxical. In response some theist has tried to resolve the alleged paradox. Describe the paradox and explain the attempt to resolve it (60 marks)
Personal vs Impersonal God
4 questions
2026Discuss the difference between personalistic and impersonalistic notions of God in the context of devotion. (15 marks)2023Elucidate the personalistic and impersonalistic aspects of God. (10 marks)2019State and evaluate the personalistic and impersonalistic aspects of God. (15 marks)2000Impersonalistic Concept of God (20 marks)
Relation to Man and World
4 questions
2024“In order to be conceived as the ultimate cause of the world, God must necessarily have some form of physical manifestation.” Do you agree with this view? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (15 marks)2019Discuss the relationship between man and God according to any one of the religions in India. (15 marks)2016Compare and contrast the relation of man to the world in the oriental religions. (15 marks)2009To be man is to strive to be God.” Discuss (30 marks)
Immanence and Transcendence
3 questions
2023In what sense is God both immanent and transcendent in theism? Discuss. (15 marks)2016Show how the attributes of immanence and transcendence of God go with omnipresence and infinitude. (15 marks)2014Elucidate the status of man in the realm between immanence’ and ‘transcendence’. (20 marks)
God and Religion
3 questions
2018The terms “Sacred’ and ‘Holy’ have come to serve as generic names for the object of religion. Do you agree that one can have God as the object of religion? Discuss. (20 marks)2017What is a non-theological concept of God? How is it different from a theological concept of God? Discuss with arguments. (15 marks)2013Is God indispensable for religion? (10 marks)
Spinoza · God
2 questions
2024How does the notion of God in Spinoza’s philosophy embedded in his metaphysics of substance and attributes? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2022Write an essay on Spinoza’s notion of God and His attributes. (10 marks)
Ramanuja · God and Self
2 questions
2022Explain the relation between the God and the Self according to Ramanujacharya. (15 marks)2020Discuss the nature of God in Hinduism with special reference to Vishisht Advaita (Qualified non-dualism). (20 marks)
Proofs of God
2 questions
2016“It would be self-contradictory to say that the most perfect conceivable being lacks the attribute of existence” Analyse. (15 marks)2016“The natural world is as complexly and manifestly designed as a watch.” Evaluate. (15 marks)
Deism and Theism
2 questions
2012Explain the distinction between deism and theism (20 marks)2008Can deism be satisfactory theory in the context of God of grace and devotion? Discuss (20 marks)
Sankara · Brahman
1 question
2022Critically examine the idea of Brahman in Advaita philosophy of Shankara. Does Shankara’s conception of Brahman leave room for theism? Discuss. (15 marks)
Nyaya · God
1 question
2021Discuss the nature of God as propounded in Nyaya philosophy. (10 marks)
Hinduism · Polytheism
1 question
2018Is Hinduism poly-theistic? Give reasons for your answer. (10 marks)
Yoga · Ishvara
1 question
2017Critically discuss the relationship of man with God in the Yoga system of philosophy. (10 marks)
Attributes of God
1 question
2015Write a critical note on the attributes of God. (10 marks)
2B-12 · Proofs for the Existence of God · 32 questions
32 questions · 22 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Cosmological Argument
8 questions
2026Discuss Aquinas argument from the contingency of the world to prove the existence of God. (10 marks)2017Compare and contrast the different forms of cosmological argument. (15 marks)2014Discuss cosmological argument for the existence of God, and show its merits and demerits. (15 marks)2013State and elucidate the cosmological argument for the existence of God in Western and Indian philosophy. (20 marks)2013Discuss two main objections against this argument. Are theists able to answer these satisfactorily? (15 marks)2010Is contingent argument for the existence of God anything more than a logical exercise? Discuss (20 marks)2010If each and every argument has to take that its premises are true, would the causal argument for the existence of God as the first cause be different from assuming that it is true? Argue in favour of your position (20 marks)2007State and evaluate the cosmological argument for the existence of God. What are its two forms? What is the difference between a dependent being and self-existent being? Why is the self-existent being theo-centric? Can the nature itself be conceived as self. existent being? Discuss (60 marks)
Ontological Argument
7 questions
2024Present an exposition of ontological proof for the existence of God along with its criticism. (15 marks)2020It is ontological proof for the existence of God by St. Anselm logical? Discuss. (20 marks)2018Does the concept of God entail the existence of God? Examine from the perspective of ontological argument. (15 marks)2014Can it be self-contradictory to accept the idea’ of God but deny the ‘existence’ of God? (15 marks)2008Different versions of ontological arguments and Kant’s critique of these arguments. Critical note (20 marks)2005If God exists only in someone’s mind, the greatest conceivable being is not after all the greatest conceivable being.” Critical notes (20 marks)2000Critically evaluate the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. (60 marks)
Design Argument
4 questions
2025Present an account of Design argument to prove the existence of God along with its criticism by David Hume. (20 marks)2013Critically evaluate three major objections against the argument from design for the existence of God. (15 marks)2010Human mind is such that it naturally observes order in nature. Given this can one use arguments from design for the existence of God? Discuss (20 marks)2009Analyse the teleological argument as a proof for the existence of God (30 marks)
Nyaya · Proofs
3 questions
2025What proofs do Nyaya philosophers offer for the existence of God? Discuss. (15 marks)2023Critically examine the arguments of Nyaya for the existence of God. (20 marks)2015Examine the Nyaya arguments in favour of the existence of God. (15 marks)
Rational Proof of God
2 questions
2012Can God’s existence be proved with cogent and convincing rational arguments? (12 marks)2011Why is a proof for the existence of God necessary for the growth of a religion? Discuss (15 marks)
Madhva · Proofs
1 question
2026Explain and examine Madhvacharya’s arguments for the existence of God. (15 marks)
A priori vs A posteriori
1 question
2022Discuss the main points of distinction between a priori and a posteriori arguments for the existence of God. Which one according to you should be preferred over the other? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (20 marks)
Aquinas · Five Ways
1 question
2022Present a critical exposition of different arguments offered by St. Thomas Aquinas to prove the existence of God also known as ‘Five Ways’. Which one of them do you find philosophically most interesting? Give reasons in support of your answer. (20 marks)
Moral Argument
1 question
2021Give a critical account of moral argument to prove the existence of God. (15 marks)
Jaina Critique
1 question
2019State and evaluate the profs for the existence of God as propounded in Jainism. (10 marks)
Aquinas and Nyaya
1 question
2018Compare St. Thomas Aquinas’ five ways of knowing God with the arguments of the Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy for the existence of God. (20 marks)
Buddhist Critique
1 question
2018Critically evaluate the Buddhistic arguments against the existence of God as the creator of the world. (15 marks)
Ontological and Cosmological
1 question
2015Examine the ontological and cosmological arguments in favour of the existence of God. (15 marks)
2B-13 · Problem of Evil · 21 questions
21 questions · 14 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Logical Problem of Evil
4 questions
2020What is the logical problem of evil? Discuss. (15 marks)2014Is evil reconcilable with the benevolent God? (20 marks)2010The problem of evil arises when we attribute infinite knowledge, power and goodness to God acknowledging the fact of innocent persons suffering. One cannot be mistaken about one’s own experience and suffering is an experience. Hence, God cannot have at least one of the three attributes; infinite knowledge. power and goodness.” Evaluate this argument (15 marks)2005The problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the imperfect world with the goodness of God.” Critical notes (20 marks)
Theistic Responses
3 questions
2016“If God is all-powerful, God must wish to abolish all evils; but moral and natural evils are rampant in the world.” How would a theist react to this? (20 marks)2015Do you think that evil is a bitter pill which no theist can easily swallow? Discuss. (20 marks)2008How can a theist resolve the problem of evil? Does evil not tell upon omnipotence and omniscience of God? Can God be thought of as imperfect and powerless in this regard? Discuss critically for and against the two possible opposite views and justify your own position (60 marks)
Augustinian Theodicy
2 questions
2026In what sense does St. Augustine’s identification of all evil as either sin or as the punishment of sin succeed or fail in providing a coherent account of both moral and natural evil? Evaluate. (20 marks)2023All evil is either sin or punishment for sin. –St. Augustine. Critically discuss. (20 marks)
Natural Evil
2 questions
2015Is God the cause of natural evil ? Explain. (10 marks)2013Do theists succeed in explaining the natural evil in the world as a necessary counterpart to good? (10 marks)
Value of Suffering
2 questions
2012God permitted suffering to discipline the human being (12 marks)2009If evil and sufferings are the real experiences of individual self, what role do they play in realising self-transcendence? (20 marks)
Leibniz · Theodicy
2 questions
2007God permitted evil to exist in order to bring about greater good, Adan’s fall was felix culpa (happy sin).”-Leibnitz, Critical notes (20 marks)2000Discuss the problem of evil with special reference to Leibniz’s theodicy. (60 marks)
Process Theodicy
1 question
2025Explain the main tenets of the Process Theodicy as an explanation of the problem of evil. (15 marks)
Concept of God and Evil
1 question
2024“The problem of evil is a direct offshoot of how God is conceptualised in a system.” Critically discuss. (15 marks)
Free Will and Evil
1 question
2022If God is the Absolute Creator, then the responsibility of the evil cannot belong to the human agent. Critically examine. (15 marks)
Omnipotence and Evil
1 question
2021Discuss the paradox of omnipotence of God in the context of the existence of evil. (10 marks)
Evil and Religion
1 question
2019What role do the concepts of evil and profane play to provide a firm foundation to religion ? (15 marks)
Non-theological Evil
1 question
2017How do you define a non-theological concept of evil? Explain. (10 marks)
2B-14 · Soul: Immortality, Rebirth and Liberation · 44 questions
44 questions · 27 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Karma and Rebirth
6 questions
2023Examine the significance of the concept of rebirth in the theory of Karma. (15 marks)2021Discuss and evaluate the doctrine of Karma as an essential postulate of Hinduism. (15 marks)2019State and explain the doctrines of Karma, Rebirth and Rebirth and Reincarnation in Hinduism. (20 marks)2018How far is it plausible to argue that the anti-theistic religions’ stand on the concept of rebirth is philosophically significant? (10 marks)2010What sort of criteria can one provide for identifying rebirth as opposed to birth? Discuss (15 marks)2007Explain the doctrine of the law of karma. Is it compatible with the freedom of will? Discuss (60 marks)
Immortality of Soul
6 questions
2021Discuss the concept of immortality of soul with special reference to Hindu tradition. (20 marks)2014What are the arguments given in favour of the immortality of the Soul? (10 marks)2012Is the idea of immortality soul utopian or it is realizable? Discuss (20 marks)2009Explain why man has a desire for immortality (30 marks)2005Is Christian doctrine of the immortality of soul compatible with the Gita’s doctrine of atman? Discuss (60 marks)2000Immortality of Soul (20 marks)
Concept of Liberation
5 questions
2024Is it necessary to adhere to the notions of immortality of soul and rebirth in order to have a robust conception of liberation? Give reasons and justifications for your answer. (20 marks)2017Is there an essential difference between the concept of Liberation in theological and non-theological approaches to life? Discuss. (20 marks)2015“Immortality means absence of Karma and Rebirth.” Discuss. (15 marks)2012Are rebirth and liberation analogous concepts? Explain (12.5 marks)2008Possibility of rational understanding of immortality and liberation. Critical notes (20 marks)
Immortality and Religion
5 questions
2020The concept of ‘Immortality’ is a basic presupposition of religion. Elaborate your answer. (10 marks)2018Can one claim that there is an inter-relatedness between ‘religiosity’ and ‘immorality’? Discuss. (10 marks)2017Discuss whether the doctrine of immortality of soul is indispensable for a religion. (10 marks)2011Is a belief in the immortality of the soul a necessary precondition for religion? Discuss (20 marks)2007Without some conception of immortality, religion has no meaning. Critically examine (20 marks)
Paths to Liberation
5 questions
2020Do you accept that knowledge, Action and Devotion are the means to attain liberation in Indian tradition? Discuss. (15 marks)2018Evaluate the concept of Bhakti (Devotion) as a pathway to attain liberation. (15 marks)2015What is liberation? Briefly discuss the ways to attain it as outlined in the systems of Vedanta. (15 marks)2013Is there anything else other than human efforts which may be conducive to attainment of liberation? (10 marks)2010Why is grace of God needed for liberation? Discuss with an example (20 marks)
Advaita · Liberation
4 questions
2025Discuss the nature of embodied liberation (jivanmukti) with reference to Advaita Vedanta. (10 marks)2021Elucidate the concept of liberation according to Advaita Vedanta. Explain the role of knowledge in the attainment of liberation. (15 marks)2010If ignorance is the cause of suffering, knowledge should remove suffering. What is the notion of knowledge which a liberated person acquires? Discuss (20 marks)2000Elaborate the nature of Liberation according to Advaita Vedanta. (60 marks)
Buddhism · Anatta and Rebirth
4 questions
2022“Immortality of Soul is a necessary postulate for rebirth.” Critically examine with reference to Buddhism. (10 marks)2016Buddhism disbelieves in the immortality of soul, but accepts the phenomenon of rebirth. Examine. (10 marks)2014How do you justify rebirth’ with or without the Soul? (10 marks)2011Can Buddhism, because of its doctrine of ‘anatta’, be regarded as a religion or not? Discuss (20 marks)
Immortality and Rebirth
2 questions
2025Is the concept of immortality of soul a necessary condition for Rebirth? Discuss with reference to the Bhagavad Gita. (15 marks)2011Is a belief in rebirth and reincarnation possible without a belief in the immortality of the soul? Discuss (20 marks)
Plato · Soul
2 questions
2023Critically examine Plato’s apriori proofs for the immortality of the soul. (20 marks)2010Distinguish between Indian concept of jivatma and Plato’s concept of soul (20 marks)
Advaita vs Vishishtadvaita
2 questions
2022Is it possible to have an idea of Liberation without the conception of a real agent? In this context, discuss the difference between Advaita and Vishistadvaita systems of thought. (15 marks)2014Compare and contrast the concept of liberation according to ‘Advaita’ and ‘Vishistadvaita’. (15 marks)
Nyaya · Apavarga
1 question
2024Discuss the concept of liberation (Apavarga) according to Nyaya-Vaisheshika. (10 marks)
Jainism · Soul and Bondage
1 question
2022Discuss the nature of Soul and Bondage according to Jainism. (15 marks)
Jivanmukti
1 question
2005What do you understand by liberation? Is it possible for one to be liberated in this very life? If it is, what are the characteristics of a liberated person? Discuss (60 marks)
2B-15 · Reason, Revelation and Faith · 26 questions
26 questions · 21 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Faith and Reason
5 questions
2019What is instrumental to self-revelation: Faith or Reason? Justify your position. (10 marks)2016Faith means human awareness of God; but it cannot be irrational. Analyse. (10 marks)2015Do faith and reason go together? Discuss. (10 marks)2014Can reason be used to justify faith? (15 marks)2013Is religious faith opposed to reason? (10 marks)
Nature of Faith
4 questions
2023Explain the rational and irrational aspects of faith in the discourse of religion. (15 marks)2020What are the basic tenets of faith? Distinguish between faith and belief. (15 marks)2017Discuss whether the voluntarist’s theories of faith are adequate. (15 marks)2016Critically discuss the view that ‘modern sensibility and total obedience to a despotic God’ do not go hand in hand. (10 marks)
Reason in Religion
3 questions
2026“If religion were a subject of reason alone, it would have lacked an experiential account.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer. (10 marks)2024Discuss the role of reason in religion. (10 marks)2021Discuss the role of reason and faith in religion. Can reason be a regulative force in the formulation of religious beliefs? Explain. (20 marks)
Revelation and Reason
3 questions
2024What kind of epistemic justifications are possible with regard to claims to revelation? Discuss with your own comments. (15 marks)2015Can revelation be justified by reason? Discuss. (15 marks)2000Reason and Revelation (20 marks)
Nature of Revelation
3 questions
2022Is the notion of faith indispensable for the idea of revelation? Critically comment. (10 marks)2012The concept of revelation is essentially opposed to religious pluralism. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer (30 marks)2006Explain the notion of revelation. Does revelation stand in need of confirmation? Discuss and also explain the difference or similarity between revelation and Sruti (60 marks)
Propositional Revelation
2 questions
2025Distinguish between Natural Theology and Revealed Theology in the context of the Propositional view of Revelation. (15 marks)2016The content of revelation is a body of truths expressed in statements or propositions. But it cannot be against reason. Discuss (20 marks)
Tillich · Faith
1 question
2026How does Paul Tillich’s idea of faith as ultimate concern address the relation between faith, doubt and reason? Evaluate. (10 marks)
Aquinas · Faith
1 question
2025How does Aquinas’ account of Faith as “an intellectual assent” reconcile the juxtaposition between Reason and Faith? Discuss. (10 marks)
Carvaka · Critique
1 question
2025Discuss Carvaka’s critique of the belief in the existence of suprasensible entities. (10 marks)
Justifying Religious Belief
1 question
2023Can religious beliefs be justified? Discuss. (10 marks)
Reason, Revelation, Faith
1 question
2008Discuss the role of reason, revelation and faith in the sphere of religion. Are they compatible? If not, how to resolve their apparent inconsistency? (60 marks)
Hare · Bliks
1 question
2006Religious faith consists of a set of profoundly unfalsifiable assumptions that govern all of a person’s other beliefs.” (R. M. Hare), Critical notes. (20 marks)
2B-16 · Religious Experience · 23 questions
23 questions · 17 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Mysticism
6 questions
2023Examine the relation between mystical experience and revelation and expound their significance in religious life. (15 marks)2019Discuss whether and how does religious symbolism lead to mysticism. (20 marks)2013What is the nature of mystical experience? (20 marks)2013Is mystical experience open to different interpretations? (15 marks)2005Mysticism is the power of spiritual access to domains of knowledge closed off to ordinary thought.” Critical notes (20 marks)2000State and explain the chief doctrines of Mysticism. (60 marks)
Vedantic View
3 questions
2025Evaluate the nature and object of Religious Experience as explained by Radhakrishnan in ‘The Hindu View of Life’. (20 marks)2024Discuss the main features of religious experience according to Advaita Vedanta. (15 marks)2021Explain the concept of religious experience in the light of Vedantic tradition. (15 marks)
Nature and Object
3 questions
2016“World-religion is a spiritualistic and humanistic composite.” Evaluate. (10 marks)2012What is the object of religious experience? Is it empirical or trans-empirical? Explain in detail (30 marks)2010If religious experience is unique, what makes it an experience? How is this experience logically different from the experience of loneliness, happiness, etc.? (20 marks)
Validity
3 questions
2016State and evaluate the nature and validity of mystic experience. (20 marks)2013Can mystical experience be regarded as a valid source of knowledge? (15 marks)2009Explain the nature of religious experience. Can this experience be validated? (20 marks)
William James
2 questions
2026On what grounds does William James characterize mystical states as a genuine expression of religious experience? Elaborate. (10 marks)2022Discuss the nature and variety of religious experiences as presented by William James. (15 marks)
Communicability
2 questions
2019How far can religious experience be made a topic of public discourse Analyse. (15 marks)2017In order to make expressions of religious experiences communicable, what kind of language needs to be constructed and used? Explain. (15 marks)
Comparative Traditions
2 questions
2015Explain the nature of mysticism in Hinduism and Islam. (15 marks)2014Discuss the conflicting nature of religious experiences with special reference to Buddhism and Jainism. (15 marks)
Reason vs Experience
1 question
2026“If religion were a subject of reason alone, it would have lacked an experiential account.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer. (10 marks)
Numinous vs Mystical
1 question
2007The difference between numinous and mystical experience. Critical notes (20 marks)
2B-17 · Religion without God · 11 questions
11 questions · 8 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Is God Necessary?
5 questions
2021Is religious life possible without the belief in God? Discuss. (10 marks)2020Critically examine the concept of God as prerequisite for a religion. (15 marks)2018Can you justify religion without God? Support your answer. (10 marks)2017Is God necessary for religion? Justify your answer. (10 marks)2015Is existence of God a necessary condition for the survival of religion? Explain. (10 marks)
Buddhism
2 questions
2024State and evaluate Buddhism as a religion without God. (20 marks)2000Can there be religion without God? Discuss with reference to Buddhism. (20 marks)
Agnosticism
1 question
2023What is Agnosticism? How do agnostics conceptualize the relation between religion and God? Discuss. (10 marks)
Theist Objection
1 question
2019How would a religious person deny the possibility of a religion without God? Discuss. (15 marks)
Central Concept
1 question
2010What is the central concept in a religion without God? Discuss (15 marks)
Atheism as Religion
1 question
2005Can atheism be a religion? Discuss (60 marks)
2B-18 · Religion and Morality · 27 questions
27 questions · 20 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Religion Without Morality
4 questions
2024Can there be a religion without morality? Discuss. (10 marks)2022“One can have morality without religion but not religion without morality.” Discuss? (10 marks)2012I can be moral without being religious, but I cannot be religious without being moral.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer (20 marks)2008Proprietary of religion without morality. Critical notes (20 marks)
Morality Without Religion
4 questions
2016“Moral principles function better when they remain independent and unconnected with religion.” Discuss. (15 marks)2015Is morality necessarily based on religion? Discuss. (10 marks)2015“An atheist may be a better man than a religious person bereft of moral values.” Discuss. (20 marks)2011Examine the view that the foundation of morality is possible only in a religious framework (15 marks)
Autonomy and Freedom
3 questions
2026How does the issue of moral autonomy conflict with conception of religion as a source of morality? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2014How far can religious morality incorporate individual freedom? (20 marks)2013Is religious morality consistent with individual freedom? (10 marks)
Divine Command & Obligation
3 questions
2025Is it necessary for the normative principles to bear reference to God in order to produce a feeling of obligation in a moral agent? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2012If God does not exist then why one should one be moral all the time?” Discuss (20 marks)2010If morality has to follow from religion, can there a rational justification for moral actions? Discuss (15 marks)
Interrelation
3 questions
2023Does religion influence moral behavior? Explain the interactive relation between religion and morality. (10 marks)2021Do you consider that religion and morality are inseparable? Give reasons for your answer. (15 marks)2000Religion and Morality (20 marks)
Religion vs Social Morality
3 questions
2020Are religious beliefs and practices incompatible with moral behaviour ? Discuss. (15 marks)2019Does a devoted commitment to a religious way of life make man go astray from social morality? Examine. (10 marks)2017Does a committed religious person go against social morality? Discuss from the moral perspective. (10 marks)
Secular Ethics
3 questions
2019Secular ethics cannot fully resolve as to why one should be moral all the time. Examine. (15 marks)2017What will be the authority and acceptance of the absolute ethical values in the non-theological system of social practices? Discuss. (15 marks)2006Distinguish between religious and secular ethics. Discuss in this context the view that holds that secular ethics are superior to religious ethics because religious ethics are essentially based on rules without decisive regard for consequences whereas secular ethics as their best aim at producing the best over-all consequences (60 marks)
Gandhi · Truth is God
1 question
2026Critically evaluate the shift in Gandhi’s view from ‘God is Truth’ to ‘Truth is God’, in the context of interrelation between religion and morality. (20 marks)
Nietzsche · Critique
1 question
2025Present an account of Nietzsche’s criticism of religion and morality. (10 marks)
Religious Authority
1 question
2017Can a religious person take an elastic view about religious ideals, principles and practices, etc. which are supposed to be eternal? Will it make the religion progressive or will it demolish its authority? Discuss critically. (20 marks)
Is and Ought
1 question
2014On what grounds, the dichotomy between ‘is’ and ‘ought’ can either be justified or rejected? (10 marks)
2B-19 · Religious Pluralism and the Problem of Absolute Truth · 28 questions
28 questions · 17 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Pluralism vs Absolute Truth
5 questions
2021Discuss the possibility of Absolute Truth in the context of religious pluralism. (10 marks)2017Does religion guarantee the absolute truth? Discuss in the context of religious pluralism. (15 marks)2016Is Religious absolutism a threat to Religious pluralism? Discuss. (10 marks)2014Can pluralist perspective vindicate Absolute Truth? (10 marks)2000Religious pluralism and the claim of absolute truth. (20 marks)
Pluralism and Conflict
4 questions
2023Does religious pluralism invite inter-religious conflicts and destroy the truth of religion? Discuss. (15 marks)2020Is it acceptable that the History of Religions is the History of Conflicts? Discuss. (10 marks)2014If God is regarded as ‘One’, will it give rise to religious conflicts? (10 marks)2011Does the notion of absolute truth give rise to intolerance and religious conflicts? Discuss (20 marks)
Conflicting Truth Claims
3 questions
2026Can conflicting truth claims among religions be reconciled within the framework of religious pluralism? Critically discuss. (15 marks)2011How can religious conflicts about truth be resolved? Discuss (20 marks)2011Is William James right in holding that religious disputes are like conflicts in aesthetic appreciation? Discuss (20 marks)
Vedantic Pluralism
3 questions
2025How does the Vedantic view of Religious Pluralism address the conflicting truth claims of different faiths? Answer with reference to Swami Vivekananda’s view of Universal Religion. (20 marks)2018“Truth is one, yet people perceive differently.” Critically evaluate by considering the present Indian context. (15 marks)2011Explain the notion of truth as “Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti ” (Truth is one, the learned interpret it differently. (20 marks)
Absolute Truth
3 questions
2024Write a note on the notion of absolute truth in the context of religion. (10 marks)2012Can the notion of absolute truth be justified on rational grounds? (12 marks)2009There are no whole truths, all truths are half-truths. It is trying to treat them as whole truth that plays the devil.” Discuss (30 marks)
Exclusivism vs Pluralism
3 questions
2022“An unquestionable acceptance of only one Absolute Truth will ineviatably result in religious exclusivism.” Discuss. (20 marks)2019expound and explain the central problem in the discussion between religious pluralists and religious exclusivists. (20 marks)2018Distinguish between Exclusivism, Inclusivism and Pluralism with regard to the conflicting truth-claims of different religions. (20 marks)
Tolerance and Freedom
3 questions
2021Is religious freedom possible in a multireligious society? Explain. (10 marks)2020What is the importance of religious tolerance in a multicultural pluralistic society? Justify your answer. (10 marks)2008In a pluralistic society, how can religious pluralism be practiced? Point out distinction among – (60 marks)
God and the Absolute
2 questions
2012Do the concept of Ishvara and Brahman signify the same reality in Advaita Vedanta? (12 marks)2009Can the God of religion be identified with the absolute of philosophy? (30 marks)
Pluralism and Relativism
1 question
2026Does the idea of Religious Pluralism necessarily entail moral relativism? Critically discuss. (15 marks)
Unity of Religions
1 question
2010The fact that different religions originated at different places and in different centuries prove that plurality of religion is a fact. How correct would it be to say that all religions are essentially the same? Discuss (20 marks)
2B-20 · Nature of Religious Language · 31 questions
31 questions · 22 since 2013 · Unit page with notes
Verification/Falsification
5 questions
2026Analyse R. M. Hare’s concept of ‘blik’ and assess whether it successfully defends the meaningfulness of religious language. (20 marks)2015How can the religious language be verified? Is it correct to say that religious language is verified because it cannot be falsified? Discuss. (20 marks)2013Can religious language be said to be verifiable? (15 marks)2013Do cognitivists provide a cogent answer to the objection based on falsifiability? (15 marks)2011Are religious doctrines and debates verifiable? Discuss (20 marks)
Tillich’s Symbolism
4 questions
2023Explain the symbolic nature of religious language according to Tillich. (15 marks)2021Explain the symbolic nature of religious language with special reference to Paul Tillich. (15 marks)2012Analyse Paul Tillich’s statement that “symbolic language alone is able to express the ultimate. (20 marks)2004Man’s ultimate concern must be expressed symbolically because symbolic language alone is able to express the ultimate.” – Paul Tillich. Critical notes (20 marks)
Braithwaite
3 questions
2026Critically discuss the views of R. B. Braithwaite on the nature of religious language. (10 marks)2021What is the non-cognitive theory of religious language? Explain critically in the light of R.B. Braithwaite’s views. (20 marks)2018Critically examine Braithwaite’s non-cognitive theory of religious language. (15 marks)
Symbolic Theory
3 questions
2025Is religious language symbolic? Give reasons and justification in support of your answer. (10 marks)2018Explain the significance of religious symbols as transcendent referent that mediates into the cultural, spatial and temporal world. (15 marks)2009Is religious language symbolic? Discuss (20 marks)
Religious vs Ordinary Use
3 questions
2018In what sense is the secular use of language different from the religious use of language? Discuss. (10 marks)2010Religious language is dependent on natural language for an analogy and a symbol of work. Why not treat religious language as a specialized language like telegraphic language? Discuss (20 marks)2001To be religious means to belong to some religious order (20 marks)
Analogical Theory
2 questions
2024Explain the analogical nature of religious language. (10 marks)2000Analogical theory of religious language. (20 marks)
Cognitive vs Non-cognitive
2 questions
2024Distinguish between cognitivist and non-cognitivist account of religious language. Does the cognitivist account lead to any contradiction? Answer with reference to the philosophical views of R. B. Braithwaite. (20 marks)2022Explain the difference between the cognitivist and non-cognitivist approaches to the religious language with reference to the statement– “God exists”. (10 marks)
Wittgenstein
2 questions
2023Discuss Wittgenstein’s view about the non-cognitive nature of religious language. (10 marks)2011Examine the view that, religious doctrines are not ‘quasi-scientific doctrines but represent a form of life (20 marks)
Cognitivist Account
2 questions
2020Does religious language carry cognitive content? Elucidate in detail. (20 marks)2012Discuss the cognitivist account of the nature of religious language (20 marks)
Evaluating Theories
2 questions
2017Is not the language of analogies more confusing and the language of symbols more unintelligible? Evaluate it in the case of a religious language. (20 marks)2016Among the different views of religious language, which one is more satisfactory and why? (15 marks)
Non-cognitivist Account
2 questions
2014How do you formulate religious language as non-cognitive? (15 marks)2013What is meant by saying that religious language is non-cognitive? (20 marks)
Anirvachaniyata
1 question
2025Discuss the Advaitic notion of indescribability (anirvachaniyata) in the context of nature of religious language. (15 marks)
Year-wise
Year-wise question papers
The full papers as set, Paper I and Paper II, with every sub-part.
All question papers 2026 paper 2025 paper 2024 paper 2023 paper 2022 paper 2021 paper 2020 paper 2019 paper 2018 paper 2017 paper 2016 paper 2015 paper 2014 paper 2013 paper