Blog

  • Cognitive or Non-cognitive? The Religious Language Debate Weighed: the Cognitivist Account, ‘God Exists’ Read Both Ways, Cognitive Content, Contradictions, Which View Is Most Satisfactory, and an Indian–Western Synthesis

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Religious Language in Indian Philosophy: Neti Neti, Anirvacanīyatā, Lakṣaṇā and Tat Tvam Asi, Mīmāṃsā’s Vidhi and Arthavāda, Bhartṛhari, the Buddha’s Silence, Apoha and Jaina Avaktavya

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Non-cognitive Theories of Religious Language II: Wittgenstein, Language-Games and Forms of Life — the Last Judgment Lectures, Pictures, Frazer and Ritual, D. Z. Phillips, and Wittgensteinian Fideism

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Non-cognitive Theories of Religious Language I: Emotion, Policy and Story — Emotivism, Santayana, Braithwaite’s Conative Theory, Randall’s Symbols, Naturalist Readings and Non-realism, with Hick’s Objections

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • The Falsification Debate: Flew’s Invisible Gardener and the Death by a Thousand Qualifications, Hare’s Bliks, Mitchell’s Partisan and the Stranger, Crombie, Flew’s Rejoinders and Swinburne

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • The Verification Challenge: Logical Positivism and God-talk, Ayer and Carnap, Strong and Weak Verification, Wisdom’s Gods, the Critiques, and Hick’s Eschatological Verification

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Religious Language as Symbolic: Tillich’s Sign and Symbol, the Six Marks of a Symbol, Being-itself and Ultimate Concern, Myth and Demythologising, Sacred Space and Time, Metaphor and Pratīka

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Speaking of God by Negation and Analogy: the Via Negativa, Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical Language, Aquinas’ Analogy of Attribution and Proportionality, Ramsey’s Models and Qualifiers, and the Critics

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • The Problem of Religious Language: Finite Words for an Infinite God, Religious vs Secular Use, Realism vs Non-realism, and the Map of Cognitive, Analogical, Symbolic and Non-cognitive Theories

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Indian Pluralism II: Ramakrishna, Vivekananda’s Universal Religion, Radhakrishnan, Gandhi’s Truth Is God and Sarva Dharma Samabhāva, Samanvaya, Samabhāva and Sadbhāva, and Absolute Truth without Exclusivism

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Indian Pluralism I: Ekaṃ Sat, the Gītā, Advaita’s Levels of Truth, Jaina Anekāntavāda and Syādvāda, the Blind Men and the Elephant, Aśoka, the Bhakti–Sufi Saints, Akbar and Dara Shikoh

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Relativism, Conflict and Tolerance: Religious Relativism, Does Pluralism Entail Moral Relativism?, the History of Religious Conflict, James and Whitehead, Criteria for Judging Religions, Quinn and Religious Freedom

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Exclusivism and Inclusivism: Race’s Typology, Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus, Barth, Kraemer and Plantinga, the Myth of Neutrality, the Justice Objection, Rahner’s Anonymous Christians and Vatican II

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • John Hick’s Pluralistic Hypothesis: the Copernican Revolution, the Real an sich, Personae and Impersonae, the Soteriological Criterion, Conflicting Truth Claims, Aspectual Pluralism and the Objections

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Religious Diversity and the Problem of Absolute Truth: Plurality vs Pluralism, Conflicting Truth Claims, Meanings of Absolute Truth, the God of Religion and the Absolute of Philosophy, and the Six Responses

    By LotusArise • October 19, 2026
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  • Gandhi’s Truth Is God and Modern Indian Thinkers on Religion and Morality: Vivekananda, Tagore, Radhakrishnan, Aurobindo, Ambedkar’s Dhamma, Gora and the Unit Synthesis

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religion and Morality in Indian Thought: Ṛta, Dharma and Karma, Mīmāṃsā, Nyāya, Buddhism, Jainism, the Gītā and Advaita, Karma as a Moral Postulate and Is Dharma Independent of Īśvara?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • The Critics of Religious Morality: Nietzsche’s Death of God, Master and Slave Morality, Freud’s Illusion, Marx’s Opium, Feuerbach’s Projection, Russell, Cārvāka and Periyar

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religion, Social Morality and Individual Freedom: Religiosity and Immorality, Devotion vs Social Morality, Article 25 and Constitutional Morality, and Pluralism without Relativism

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Secular Ethics and Why Be Moral? Dostoevsky’s Challenge, Foundations of Secular Morality, Religious vs Secular Ethics, the Virtuous Atheist and the Is–Ought Gap

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • The Autonomy of Morality: Kant’s Good Will, Autonomy vs Heteronomy, Morality Leading to Religion, Arnold, Braithwaite, Dewey and Freud, and Moral Autonomy vs Religion

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Does Morality Depend on Religion? Divine Command Theory, the Euthyphro Dilemma, Natural Law and Modified Divine Command Theory, and Does Obligation Need a Lawgiver?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Can There Be Religion without Morality? Magic and Taboo, Ritualism, Antinomian Sects, Salvation by Grace Alone, Beyond Good and Evil and Kierkegaard’s Teleological Suspension

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religion and Morality: Meaning, the Possible Relations, Autonomy, Heteronomy and Theonomy, Interdependence, and How Each Religion Grounds Its Ethics

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religious Naturalism and Dworkin’s Religion without God: Spinoza, Einstein, Julian Huxley, Dewey, Tillich, Non-realist Religion and the Religious Atheist

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religions of Humanity and Society: Feuerbach’s Projection, Comte’s Religion of Humanity, Durkheim’s Sacred and Profane, Marxism as a Secular Faith and Can Humanism Replace Religion?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Sāṃkhya, Mīmāṃsā and Indian Non-theism: God Not Proved, Prakṛti’s Blind Purpose, Ritual without God, Apūrva, Advaita’s Īśvara, Cārvāka, Liberation with and without God

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Jainism: Devotion without a Creator, the Uncreated Universe, Jaina Arguments against a World-maker, God as the Perfected Soul, Worship as Aspiration and Is Jainism a Religion or an Ethical System?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Buddhism as a Religion without God: the Buddha’s Silence, Mahā-Brahmā’s Delusion, Arguments against a Creator, Self-governing Karma, Anattā and Religion, Mahāyāna Devotion and Ambedkar’s Navayāna

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Is God Necessary for Religion? The Theist’s Case, the Non-theist’s Reply, Seven Marks of Religion in Non-theistic Faiths, Gandhi’s Truth Is God, Personal and Impersonal God in Devotion and a Balanced Verdict

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Theism, Atheism, Agnosticism and Non-theism: Kinds of Atheism, Huxley’s Agnosticism, Agnostics on Religion and God, Indian Parallels, Nietzsche’s Death of God and Can Atheism Be a Religion?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • What Is Religion? Religare and Relegere, Dharma, Theistic and Broad Definitions, Family Resemblance, the Marks of a Religion and the Central Concept of a Religion without God

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religious Experience, Revelation, Symbol and Language: Mystical Experience and Revelation, Communicable Language, Symbolism and Mysticism, Public Discourse, and Reason

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Can Religious Experience Be Validated? The Argument from Perception, Swinburne’s Credulity and Testimony, James, Alston and Plantinga, the Challenges, and Anubhava as Pramāṇa

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • The Object of Religious Experience: God, Brahman, Nirvāṇa and Śūnyatā, Empirical or Trans-empirical, Experience and Interpretation, Perennialism vs Katz, and Hick’s Real

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religious Experience in Vedānta and Radhakrishnan: Śruti as the Seers’ Vision, Turīya, Advaita’s Aparokṣānubhūti, Rāmānuja and Madhva, The Hindu View of Life and World Religion

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Mysticism II: Christian, Jewish, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina Mysticism, Mysticism in Hinduism and Islam Compared, and the Conflicting Experiences of Buddhism and Jainism

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Mysticism I: Meaning, Mystical vs Sensory-Intellectual Consciousness, Stace’s Extrovertive and Introvertive Mysticism, Zaehner and Happold, Union and Identity, the Mystic Way and the Chief Doctrines

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Rudolf Otto and the Numinous: the Holy, Creature-Feeling, Mysterium Tremendum et Fascinans, Arjuna’s Viśvarūpa, the Sacred and the Holy, and Numinous vs Mystical Experience

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • William James’s Varieties of Religious Experience: Personal Religion, Fruits not Roots, the Sick Soul and the Twice-Born, Conversion, Saintliness, Four Marks and Three Conclusions

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Religious Experience: Meaning and Nature, What Makes It an Experience, Swinburne’s Five Types, Visions, Conversion, Regenerative and Charismatic Experience, and Hick’s Experiencing-As

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Reason, Revelation and Faith in Indian Thought: Cārvāka, Nyāya, Mīmāṃsā, Advaita, Rāmānuja, Buddhism, Jainism and the Gītā, and Are Reason, Revelation and Faith Compatible?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Faith and Reason: Evidentialism (Clifford, Locke, Flew), Fideism (Tertullian, Pascal, Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein), the Thomist Harmony, Reformed Epistemology (Plantinga) and Can Religious Beliefs Be Justified?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Faith II: Theories of Faith, Augustine and Anselm, Aquinas’ Faith as Intellectual Assent, Voluntarist Theories (Pascal, James, Tennant, Kant) and Hick’s Faith as Experiencing-as

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Faith I: The Nature of Faith, Belief-in and Belief-that, Faith vs Belief, the Features and Elements of Faith, Rational and Irrational Aspects, Hare’s Blik, Tillich’s Ultimate Concern and Śraddhā

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Revelation II: Justifying Revelation, Does It Need Confirmation?, Criteria of Genuine Revelation, Locke, Aquinas, Hume and Kant, Faith and Revelation as Correlatives, and Revelation vs Śruti

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Revelation I: Meaning and Kinds, General and Special, Natural vs Revealed Theology, the Propositional and Non-propositional Views, Scripture, Tradition and Experience, and Revelation across Religions

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Reason in Religion: Religious Knowledge vs Belief, the Functions of Reason, Natural Theology and Its Limits, Reason as a Regulative Force, and Religion within Reason Alone

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Liberation II: Jñāna, Karma and Bhakti, Grace and the Monkey and Cat Schools, Theological vs Non-theological Liberation, Religion and Salvation, and Does Liberation Need Immortality and Rebirth?

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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  • Liberation I: Mokṣa, Nirvāṇa, Kaivalya and Apavarga, the Schools Compared, Advaita’s Jīvanmukti, and Liberation without a Real Agent — Advaita vs Viśiṣṭādvaita

    By LotusArise • October 18, 2026
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