Anthropology Optional · Previous year questions

Anthropology Optional PYQs Topic-wise 1981–2026

Every question UPSC has set in Anthropology Optional Mains from 1981 to 2026, 1,889 in all, sorted into the 21 syllabus units and their sub-topics. Paper I has 1,005 questions and Paper II 884; 813 of them come from 2013 onwards, the current exam pattern. Open a unit to see its questions, newest first, with links to the matching notes.

1,889

Questions

21

Syllabus units

813

Since 2013

46

Years covered

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Paper I

Anthropology Optional Paper I PYQs: General Anthropology

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Unit 01 · Foundations, Human Evolution and Prehistoric Archaeology · 272 questions

272 questions · 104 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

1.1 Meaning, scope and development of anthropology

Notes: Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology

19 questions

  • 2025Anthropology provides a multidimensional understanding of human beings by bridging the gap between science and humanities. Elucidate.
  • 2025“The agenda of biological anthropology became more scientific from the middle of the twentieth century.” Justify.
  • 2023Write notes on: Scope and relevance of Social and Cultural Anthropology.
  • 2022“Anthropology is the systematic, objective and holistic study of human kind in all times and places”. Elaborate the argument.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on the Relevance of Anthropology.
  • 2017Define Anthropology. Describe the major branches of Anthropology elaborating on any one branch.
  • 2014Critically examine the role of anthropology in Contemporary India.
  • 2011Critically examine the contribution of Anthropologists in the interpretation of symbols.
  • 1998Write a note on Holistic and atomistic approach.
  • 1993Do you think it is possible to bring uniformity of method in the natural and social sciences ? Will it lead to advancement of anthropological research?
  • 1991Discuss the relevance of anthropological approach to national character studies.
  • 1989Write a note on Background of Anthropological Comparison.
  • 1987Write a note on Anthropology in the service of humanity.
  • 1987Discuss the relevance of anthropological approach in national character studies.
  • 1985Examine the influence of the humanistic tradition on the growth and development of anthropology.
  • 1983Analyse the comparative method of the nineteenth century anthropology and its limitations as to the nature and purpose of social-cultural anthropology.
  • 1983Discuss how Anthropology is concerned with common humanity and universal values.
  • 1982Anthropology studies at the “micro” level, but aims at “macro” level theory. Elaborate.
  • 1982Anthropology is a source of values. Substantiate.

1.2 Relationship with other disciplines

Notes: Relationship of Anthropology with Other Disciplines

14 questions

  • 2021Elaborate the scope of anthropology and elucidate the uniqueness in the field of other social sciences.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on differences between Social Anthropology and Sociology.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on How do you situate Anthropology in Social Sciences ?
  • 2013Differentiate between Economics and Economic Anthropology. (150 words).
  • 1999Discuss the relationship of anthropology with psychology and medicine.
  • 1989Write a note on Relationship between Social Anthropology and History.
  • 1988Write a note on Psychological anthropology.
  • 1987Write a note on Prehistoric anthropology and its relation to other science.
  • 1986Write a note on Relationship between Social anthropology and History.
  • 1986Do you regard Social Anthropology as a Social Science or a humanistic discipline? Give reasons for you answer.
  • 1985Write a note in 200 words on the relation of Anthropology to the social sciences.
  • 1983Assess the relative strength of anthropological techniques for scientific study in social sciences.
  • 1982In Anthropology, science and humanity converge. Examplify.
  • 1981Identify the controversies around the relation between History and Social Anthropology. (200 words).

1.3 Main branches of anthropology, their scope and relevance

Notes: Main Branches of Anthropology

29 questions

  • 2021Mention the major branches of linguistic anthropology and discuss language use in social and cultural settings.
  • 2020How can synergising the core branches of anthropology reinvigorate the holistic spirit of the discipline?
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on the relationship between Linguistics and Social-Cultural Anthropology.
  • 2018Give an account of- the field methods used in the study of Archaeological Anthropology.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Archaeological Anthropology.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Major sub-divisions of Anthropology.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Linguistic Anthropology.
  • 2008Write a note on Biological Anthropology.
  • 2002Write a note on Biological Anthropology.
  • 1999Write a note on Action anthropology.
  • 1996Write a note on Medical Anthropology.
  • 1996What is cognitive approach ? Critically examine its implications in Sociocultural Anthropology.
  • 1995Write a note on Action anthropology.
  • 1994Write a note on Social and cultural anthropology.
  • 1992Write a note on Archaeological Anthropology.
  • 1992Write an essay on the aims and scope of applied anthropology with special reference to India.
  • 1991Write a note on ‘Classical’ Physical Anthropology.
  • 1991Discuss the merits and demerits of different methods of comparison used in social-cultural anthropology.
  • 1990Write a note on Linguistic anthropology.
  • 1990Write a note on Recent trends in psychological anthropology.
  • 1989Write a note on Theme of Linguistic Anthropology.
  • 1989Write a note on ‘New Physical Write a note on ‘New Physical.
  • 1988Bring out the merits and demerits of different contributions on the methods of comparison in social-cultural anthropology.
  • 1985What are the common aspects of structural anthropology and linguistics?
  • 1985Discuss the types of comparison in social anthropology.
  • 1985Write a note on Empiricism in social anthropology.
  • 1985Write a note on New Physical anthropology.
  • 1983Does structuralism in social anthropology coincide with that in linguistics ? Critically assess their analogy.
  • 1982Discuss the comparative method of cultural evolutionists, diffusionists and modern social anthropologists.

1.4 Human evolution and emergence of man; theories of organic evolution

Notes: Human Evolution and Theories of Organic Evolution · Synthetic Theory of Evolution

53 questions

  • 2026Human evolution is a product of both biological and cultural factors. Elaborate.
  • 2025How political economy is integrated with ecological and adaptability perspectives in bio-cultural anthropology?
  • 2025Critically discuss the centrality of the African continent in the narrative of human evolution.
  • 2024Critically discuss the synergistic effect of biological and cultural factors in human evolution.
  • 2023What is hominization process? Discuss the major trends in human evolution with the help of suitable examples and illustrations.
  • 2021“The bio-cultural approach is the hallmark of Biological Anthropology.” Explain. (in about 150 words).
  • 2021Explain the genetic mechanisms of micro and macro evolution.
  • 2020Elucidate how Darwin and Post-Darwin theories of evolution resulted in the development of Synthetic theory of evolution.
  • 2018Explain the biological changes that made human beings capable of making culture.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Advanced Molecular Anthropology Techniques.
  • 2016Elucidate the biological and cultural factors in human evolution.
  • 2015Elucidate the biological and cultural factors in Human Evolution.
  • 2015Critically examine Darwin’s theory of evolution in understanding evolution.
  • 2013Discuss how Neo-Darwinism integrated the fields of Genetics and Evolution. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Adaptive tradition in context of evolution.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Synthetic theory.
  • 2010What are the major craniofacial changes that occurred during Hominid evolution ? Discuss.
  • 2010Critically examine the synthetic theory of human evolution.
  • 2009Distinguish between ‘chronological age’ and ‘biological age’
  • 2008Discuss the modern theory of evolution with special reference to the concepts of gradualism and punctuationalism.
  • 2002What is Organic Evolution ? Explain the theories of evolution.
  • 1999Write a note on Molecular evolution.
  • 1997Write a note on Biological evolution of early man.
  • 1996Discuss the geographic distribution and taxonomic issues concerning early hominids. Elucidate evidence in support of alternative positions.
  • 1994How Darwinism differs from the synthetic theory of organic evolution ?
  • 1993What is Synthetic Theory of Evolution?Discuss how this theory helps us in understanding the evolutionary mechanism.
  • 1992Discuss the contemporary trends in evolutionary studies.
  • 1992Write a note on Synthetic theory of evolution.
  • 1992What is organic evolution ? Give evidences for human evolution.
  • 1991Write a note on Social-cultural evolution.
  • 1991What is organic evolution ? Describe the theories of organic evolution.
  • 1990Write a note on Micro evolution.
  • 1990Write a note on Synthetic theory of evolution.
  • 1990Evolution is biological and sociocultural. Discuss.
  • 1989Elucidate the Theory of Evolution as put forward by Lamarck.
  • 1989Write a note on Meaning of Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution.
  • 1988Give a critical account of the processes of organic evolution, and explain how they contribute to speciation.
  • 1987‘Evolution is biological and cultural’. Discuss.
  • 1987How is Darwinism different from Lamarckism ? Critically evaluate their contribution to synthetic theory of evolution.
  • 1986Write a note on Biological evolution and concept of new physical anthropology.
  • 1986Write a note on Lamarckism and Darwinism.
  • 1986Write a note on Relationship between cultural evolution and biological evolution.
  • 1985Write a note on Theory of organic evolution.
  • 1984Distinguish between : Lamarckism and Darwinism.
  • 1984Distinguish between : Macro-evolution and Micro-evolution.
  • 1984Discuss the inter-relation of biological and cultural dimensions in Human Evolution.
  • 1983Sociocultural evolution is not parallel to biological evolution in man. Substantiate.
  • 1983Microevolution has not ceased.Comment.
  • 1983Darwinism is not adequate to explain Darwinism is not adequate to explain view.
  • 1982Man has made himself. Justify.
  • 1982Human evolution has cultural dimensions. Elaborate.
  • 1981Has biological evolution caused in man? Briefly substantiate your answer. (200 words).
  • 1981Discuss the synthetic theory of human evolution. How does it differ from Darwinism?

1.5 Primates: characteristics, taxonomy, behaviour, fossil and living primates

Notes: Primates · Fossil Primates, Living Apes, Man–Ape Comparative Anatomy and Erect Posture

40 questions

  • 2026What are Strepsirhini Primates? Describe their geographical distribution and mention the characteristics that distinguish them from Haplorhini Primates.
  • 2025Discuss the Miocene hominoid remains and their significance in evolution.
  • 2025Write notes on: Smell as a signal among non-human primates.
  • 2022Discuss different forms of primate social organisation.
  • 2021Write notes on: The losses and gains of erect posture.
  • 2020Write notes on Jane Goodall’s contributions in studying primate behaviour in about 150 words.
  • 2020Illustrate with examples the various types of locomotion patterns among the non-human primates.
  • 2019Discuss the evolutionary significance of bipedalism and erect posture.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Adaptive primate radiation.
  • 2017Bring out the comparative anatomical features of man and apes. Discuss their evolutionary significance.
  • 2016Explain the skeletal changes due to erect posture and their implications.
  • 2014Elucidate the skeletal differences between humans and chimpanzees.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Role of primatology in Anthropological studies.
  • 2012Compare and contrast the skull of Gorilla and Man.
  • 2011‘Man is a primate.’ Discuss.
  • 2009List the major skeletal modifications in humans due to assumption of erect posture·.
  • 2000Describe the range of locomotive behavior of contemporary non-human primates and state how does it help in understanding the structural-functional correlations of their limb structure.
  • 1999Write a note on Fossil men.
  • 1998‘Man can stand erect while anthropoid apes cannot.’ Discuss the anatomical changes that occurred in Man due to erect posture.
  • 1997Discuss the gradualist view of evolutionary change vis-a-vis the punctuationalist view giving an example from primate evolution that supports one view or the other.
  • 1996Discuss primate locomotion with special reference to adaptations to arboreal life.
  • 1995Write a note on Adaptive tradition in primates.
  • 1994Describe the various way of getting mate in primitive society. Give examples from Indian context.
  • 1994Write a note on Primate.
  • 1994Narrate with reasons man’s place in Primate order.
  • 1993Discuss similarities and difference between Chimpanzee and Man in salient physical and anatomical Characteristics.
  • 1992What are the characteristic physical features of the Primate ? Show the position of Man among the other Primates in a tabular form.
  • 1992Write a note on Anthropoid apes.
  • 1991Why is Man a primate ? Describe the place of Man in the animal kingdom.
  • 1990Write a note on Causes of human variation.
  • 1988Write a note on Characters of primates.
  • 1987Write a note on Anthropoid apes.
  • 1986Discuss the evolution of primates with special reference to dentition.
  • 1986What are different fossil primates of the Palaeocene and Eocene times ?
  • 1986Discuss critically the contribution of these primates to human origin.
  • 1985Give a brief account of the distribution and physical features of the Asiatic Anthropoid apes.
  • 1983Discuss the claim of India to be the cradleland of man kind with references to fossil evidences.
  • 1983Living anthropoid apes are our distant cousins. Discuss.
  • 1982Man has not descended from monkeys. Justify.
  • 1981Discuss how man is unique primate.

1.6 Fossil hominids: Australopithecines to Homo sapiens

Notes: Oreopithecus, Australopithecus and Paranthropus · Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis · Neanderthal, Rhodesian Man and Homo sapiens

49 questions

  • 2026Discuss the phylogenetic status, characteristic features, geographical distribution and lifeways of Paranthropus.
  • 2025Write notes on: Osteodontokeratik culture and its makers.
  • 2024Discuss the geographical distribution of Homo erectus. Taking into account its physical features, where does it fit in human evolutionary line?
  • 2023Discuss major species of Australopithecus discovered from South and East Africa. Describe the discovery, physical features and significance of Taung baby.
  • 2022Should we still distinguish between ‘classic’ and ‘progressive’ Neanderthals? Discuss the controversy surrounding Neanderthal’s position in human evolution.
  • 2021What are the physical and cultural characteristics of Homo erectus ? Discuss its phylogenetic status.
  • 2020Critically evaluate the contesting theories of the emergence and dispersal of modern Homo Sapiens.
  • 2019“Europeans are closer to Neanderthals”. Critically discuss in view of the African origin of humankind.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Olduvai Gorge.
  • 2018Describe the culture related to Homo erectus.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Rhodesian Man.
  • 2015Describe the salient characteristics and geographical distribution of Homo erectus.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Asian Homo erectus.
  • 2012Comment briefly on the phylogenetic position of Austrolopithecines.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Neanderthal Man.
  • 2011Describe major skeletal similarities and differences between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Culture of Homo erectus.
  • 2010Why are Neanderlands called Premodern humans ? The Upper Palaeolithic period provides evidence of their coexistence with modern man. Discuss.
  • 2009Write a note on Homo habilis.
  • 2009Distinguish between major categories of Australopithecines. How are Australopithecines different from Apes?
  • 2007Write a note on Homo erectus.
  • 2006Write a note on Rhodesian Man.
  • 2005Write a note on Australopithecus.
  • 2004Write a note on Neanderthal Man.
  • 2003Write a note on Homo Erectus.
  • 2001Write a note on Erect Postrute.
  • 1999Write a note on Australopithecus.
  • 1998Write a note on Pithecanthropus erectus.
  • 1997Write a note on Homo habilis.
  • 1996Write a note on Homo sapiens sapiens.
  • 1995Write a note on Homo erectus finds from Africa.
  • 1995Discuss the question of single sources vs. multiple sources of the origin of Homo sapiens. Which one of the two hypotheses do you think is more tenable? Give reasons in support of your answer.
  • 1994Write a note on Homo Sapiens – Neanderthalensis.
  • 1993Compare the fossil remains of ‘Progressive’ and ‘Classic’ Neanderthal men for anatomical characteristics and spatial distribution. Examine their phylogenetic position in human evolution.
  • 1991Write a note on La Chapelle-aux-Saints.
  • 1991Write a note on Ramapithecus.
  • 1990Discuss the origin of Australopethecines. Describe their spatial distribution and growth and development.
  • 1989Write a note on Morphological Character of Homo erectus.
  • 1989Write what you know about Homo sapiens and Neanderthalensis.
  • 1988Discuss the different types of evidence of the Pithecanthropines, and give a critical appraisal of their place in human evolution in the light of latest discoveries in Africa.
  • 1987Discuss the spatial distribution, physical features, cultural status or origin of Australopithecines.
  • 1986Write a note on Homo Sapiens Sapiens and Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis.
  • 1985What do you understand by the term ‘homo sapiens’ ? Give an account of the distribution and physical features of the earliest fossil homo sapiens.
  • 1984Distinguish between : Homo sapiens and Homo Neanderthalensis.
  • 1984Determine the phylogenetic position of Homo-erectus.
  • 1983Homo erectus was not the earliest erect man of prehistoric times. Justify.
  • 1982Dryopithecus holds the clue for human origin. Discuss.
  • 1982Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis was less capable than Homo Sapiens to Survive. Critically examine the views.
  • 1981“Homo Erectus was too specialized to have been the direct ancestor of Homo Sapiens.” Discuss.

1.7 The biological basis of life

Notes: Biological Basis of Life

11 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Distinguishing features of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
  • 2025Write notes on: Mendelian and non-Mendelian traits.
  • 2025Write notes on: Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.
  • 2024Write notes on: Lethal and sublethal genes.
  • 2024Write notes on: Single-gene mutation disorders in man.
  • 2023Write notes on: Gene expression.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Implications of mutation in evolution.
  • 2009Write a note on Thrifty genotype.
  • 2008Write a note on Protein Synthesis.
  • 1992Write a note on Genes.
  • 1988Give an outline of the anthropological perspective of genetics and -critically evaluate the genetic significance of meiotic cell division.

1.8 Prehistoric archaeology, dating methods and prehistoric cultures

Notes: Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating Methods · Palaeolithic Cultures · Mesolithic to Iron Age

57 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Ethnoarchaeology and classical archaeology.
  • 2026Give the distribution of Palaeolithic sites around the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan areas, highlighting the typo-technologies of the tools.
  • 2026Write notes on: Thermoluminescence dating method.
  • 2026Write a detailed note on the characteristic features, chronology, geographical distribution, tool types and lifeways of Magdalenian cultural tradition of Europe.
  • 2025Write notes on: Fission track dating method and its applications.
  • 2025Write a note on Mousterian tool tradition, Mousterian culture and its makers.
  • 2025What are the major theories proposed in support of the origin of food production? How the change in subsistence economy brought revolution during this period?
  • 2024Write notes on: Harappan maritime trade.
  • 2024Describe the evidences of food production and domestication of animals with special reference to Mehrgarh. Throw light on its significance.
  • 2024Discuss the Acheulian and Oldowan traditions of Indian Paleolithic cultures with suitable illustrations.
  • 2024Write notes on: Chronometric dating.
  • 2023Discuss the Paleolithic environment in light of available evidences with special reference to India.
  • 2023Identify the major Mesolithic sites and describe the typo-technological features with special reference to India.
  • 2023Write notes on: Prehistoric significance of Rakhigarhi.
  • 2023Write notes on: Cultural impact of Iron Age.
  • 2022Write notes on: Mesolithic rock art in Indian subcontinent.
  • 2022Discuss with suitable examples the typo-technological problems in Indian palaeolithic industry with reference to environmental hypotheses.
  • 2022Enumerate the evidence of animal domestication in Indian microlithic industry.
  • 2021Write notes on Thermoluminescence (TL) dating in about 150 words.
  • 2021Describe the features of early farming cultures and Neolithic of the Near East.
  • 2021Discuss the salient features of different traditions of European Mesolithic.
  • 2020Write notes on Natufian culture in about 150 words.
  • 2020Differentiate between Lower Palaeolithic culture and Middle Palaeolithic culture with suitable examples.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Relative Dating Methods.
  • 2019Elucidate’ Mesolithic culture and associated rock art with examples from India.
  • 2019Discuss briefly the major traditions in the Upper Palaeolithic culture of Europe.
  • 2019Discuss with examples the Megalithic culture of India in the archaeological context.
  • 2018Give an account of the consequences of  food production of Neolithic culture.
  • 2018Describe the principles of radiocarbon dating. Mention its limitations.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Town Planning of Harappan Culture.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on salient features of Mesolithic culture.
  • 2017What are dating methods? Discuss one absolute method and one relative method in detail.
  • 2016Delineate the salient features of Chalcolithic cultures.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Neolithic Cultures of India.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Palaeolithic culture.
  • 2014Describe the absolute dating methods in Archaeology, highlighting the importance of each method.
  • 2014Describe the Neolithic culture of India.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Carbon -14 method of dating.
  • 2013Give a broad outline of Paleolithic culture emphasizing upon its tool technology. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Relative dating methods.
  • 2012Discuss the typology and distribution of Upper Paleolithic cultures in India.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words .on Importance of chronology in prehistory.
  • 2007Write a note on Neolithic.
  • 2006Write a note on Lower Paleolithic Culture.
  • 2005Write a note on Microlith.
  • 2004Write a note on Chalcolithic Culture.
  • 2002Write a note on Neolithic Culture.
  • 2002Write a note on Universal Cultural Evolution.
  • 2001Write a note on Mesolithic culture in India.
  • 2000Write a note on Copper-Bronze Age.
  • 1999Write a note on Carbon dating method.
  • 1999Describe any chalcolithic site in India with particular reference to mdustry and town planning.
  • 1998Neolithic is a ‘self-sufficient food producing economy.’ Critically examine this expression.
  • 1997Write a note on Problems of dating in Prehistoric Archaeology.
  • 1996Write a note on Radiometric methods of dating fossils.
  • 1995Write a note on Chronometric dating methods.
  • 1995What is the neolithic phase of culture in Europe called revolution ? Describe its distinctive features.
Unit 02 · Culture, Society, Marriage, Family and Kinship · 138 questions

138 questions · 51 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

2.1 The nature of culture

Notes: Nature of Culture

37 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Culture and embodiment.
  • 2025Critically examine the drawbacks in assuming culture as an ‘integrated-closed system’ in understanding of contemporary society.
  • 2024Write notes on: Attributes of culture.
  • 2023Write notes on: Race and Ethnicity.
  • 2022Discuss the historical and cultural contexts that led to superseding ethnocentrism with cultural relativism in anthropology.
  • 2020Write notes on Human rights and Cultural relativism in about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Cultural Relativism.
  • 2017Discuss the development of the concept  of culture in Anthropology.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Cultural Relativism.
  • 2014Is culture unique to human beings ? Critically examine.
  • 2013Bring out the distinguishing features of culture and civilization. (250 words).
  • 2013Why has the concept of Cultural Relativism been so dear to anthropologists ? (250 words).
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Cultural; relativism and subseqent violation on human rights.
  • 2010What stage is known as the incipient stage of food production ? Point out major features of this cultural stage. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples from a specific area in the old world.
  • 2003Write a note on Cultural Materialism.
  • 2002“Components of culture are vast and varied.” Explain this statement.
  • 2000Write a note on Culture Area & Age Area.
  • 1999Write a note on Culture trait and Culture complex.
  • 1998Write a note on Pattern of culture.
  • 1998Write a note on Superorganic view of culture.
  • 1997Write a note on Acculturation and contra-acculturation.
  • 1997Elucidate the various concepts of social and cultural changes indicating the specific problems involved in the change process.
  • 1997What do you understand by cultural relativistic approach and ethnocentric approach in the study of culture ? Discuss the logical premises of cultural relativist approach.
  • 1995Write a note on Cultural relativism.
  • 1995What is cultural change ? How did the Austro-German school put up the scheme of cultural change ?
  • 1993Write a note on Norms and Values.
  • 1992What do you understand by ‘norms and values. Write briefly on cultural relativism.
  • 1991Write a note on Culture and civilization.
  • 1990What do you understand by ‘norms and values’ ? Discuss their anthropological perspective and relevance in contemporary times.
  • 1989Write a note on Culture as Construct or Reality.
  • 1988What do you understand by ‘norms and values’ ? Discuss their anthropological perspective and relevance in the context of contemporary times.
  • 1987Write a note on Cultural relativism.
  • 1987How does culture differ from civilization? Describe the attributes of culture.
  • 1984What is cultural relativism ? Evaluate its importance for the development of comparative method in social anthropology.
  • 1983Civilization is a special development of culture. Elaborate.
  • 1982All cultures are hybrid. Substantiate.
  • 1981Indicate the implications of culture relativism for applied Anthropology. (200 words).

2.2 The nature of society

Notes: Nature of Society

31 questions

  • 2024Examine critically the concept of social stratification as a basis for sustaining social inequality.
  • 2023Write notes on: William Ogburn and Cultural lag.
  • 2022Write notes on: Household and domestic group.
  • 2022Write notes on: Radcliffe-Brown’s ideas on status, role and institution.
  • 2021Critically evaluate different types of social stratification with suitable examples.
  • 2020Discuss Erving Goffman’s concept of total institutions and its relevance in contemporary society.
  • 2019Discuss social stratification according to any three major approaches.
  • 2018Define ethnography and present a brief history of ethnographic studies.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Society and Culture.
  • 2014Define Status and Role. Distinguish between Ascribed and Achieved Status.
  • 2012Explain the concept of ‘Status’ and ‘Role’ in Anthropology.
  • 2012What are the bases of social stratification? Discuss with examples.
  • 2011Discuss different modes of exchange in simple societies with suitable examples.
  • 2009Write a detailed note on polyandrous societies, citing Indian examples.
  • 2007Discuss mechanisms of social control in simple societies citing suitable examples.
  • 2003Write a note on Folk-Urban Continuum.
  • 2000Write a note on Social stratification.
  • 1999Write a note on Social structure.
  • 1998Write a note on Caste mobility.
  • 1998‘Primitive society is governed by the traditional customary law.’ Do you agree with this statement ? Explain.
  • 1997Critically assess the role of ethnography in the development of anthropological theories.
  • 1997Elucidate the salient differences between tribal social system and caste system giving suitable examples in support of your answer.
  • 1995Write a note on New ethnography.
  • 1994Describe the nature, scope and methods of new ethnography.
  • 1993Write a note on Social institution.
  • 1993Describe the means of social control in simpler societies and compare the legal system of simple and complex societies.
  • 1992Write a note on Group and Association”.
  • 1991Write a note on New ethnography.
  • 1990Write a note on Ethnography.
  • 1987Write a note on New ethnography.
  • 1986Write a note on Differences between temporary groups and permanent groups.

2.3 Marriage

Notes: Marriage

17 questions

  • 2026Discuss ‘incest taboo’ as the basis of development of kinship systems in human societies.
  • 2025How the study of variation in forms of marriage led to rethinking on the concepts of social reproduction, kinship and family?
  • 2023Discuss the role of marriage regulations in traditional societies in India for strengthening social solidarity.
  • 2021Write notes on: Marriage Regulations and Alliance Theory.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Ways of Acquiring Mate in Tribal Society.
  • 2017Discuss the different forms of preferential marriage with suitable examples from tribal societies in India.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Incest Taboos.
  • 2014Define marriage and describe the various types of marriages in human societies.
  • 2013Where do you situate ‘live-in relationship’ within the institution of marriage ? (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Ways of acquiring a spouse in simpler societies.
  • 2006Write a note on Incest Taboos.
  • 1991Describe the problems of universal definition of marriage. Describe the different forms of marriage among the tribal people of India.
  • 1989Define Marriage. Describe its different forms with suitable examples as prevalent among the tribal people of India. Point out the functions of marriage.
  • 1983Incest is universally the basis of enduring family. Comment.
  • 1983Endogamy and preferential marriage are characteristic of closed societies. Discuss.
  • 1982Marriage institution is found in all societies and at all times. Discuss.
  • 1981“Marriage payments are an example of reciprocity between two social groups.” Elaborate. (200 words).

2.4 Family

Notes: Family

20 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Feminist movement and family.
  • 2025How the study of variation in forms of marriage led to rethinking on the concepts of social reproduction, kinship and family?
  • 2024Define urbanization and discuss its impact on family in India with examples.
  • 2020Explain the impact of feminist movement on universality of marriage and family structure.
  • 2016Discuss the impact of urbanization and feminist movements on family in India.
  • 2015Define family and critically examine the universality of family.
  • 2013Discuss the impact of urbanization and feminist movement on family. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on : Is family a social institution ?
  • 2002What do you understand by Feminist movements ? Discuss their impact on family.
  • 1999Critically comment on the forces and factors that have brought about changes in the family structure in recent times.
  • 1998Do you agree with the view that family is a ‘universal association’ ? Critically examine the above statement.
  • 1996Examine family both as a social group and as an institution. Describe the functions of family and household, indicating therein the recent changes.
  • 1993Is family a Universal Social Group ? Critically examine this with examples.
  • 1991Write a note ,m Matrilineal society.
  • 1990Give a comparative account of different types of family in the tribes of India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
  • 1988Write a note on Universality of family.
  • 1987Give a comparative account of the different types of family in tribal and non-tribal societies of India.
  • 1985What are the major functions of the family? Indicate the recent changes that have taken place in its types and functions with special reference to India.
  • 1984Account for the universality of the nuclear family and1describe its functions.
  • 1981Is family universally the cornerstone of human society? Discuss.

2.5 Kinship

Notes: Kinship and Descent · Kinship Terminology, Filiation and Alliance

33 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Theoretical significance of Purum kinship-system.
  • 2025How the study of variation in forms of marriage led to rethinking on the concepts of social reproduction, kinship and family?
  • 2024Write notes on: Critical perspective on avoidance and joking relationship.
  • 2023Critically discuss A. L. Kroeber’s contribution to kinship studies.
  • 2022Discuss how the rules of descent contradict the principles of residence in matrilineal society, mentioning suitable examples.
  • 2021Write notes on : Descent Groups. (in about 150 words).
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Kinship Terminology.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Bilineal and bilateral descents.
  • 2017Elucidate the determinants of Kinship terminology.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Lineage and Clan.
  • 2016Describe the cardinal points of descent and alliance theories.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Double Descent.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Various types of descent.
  • 2012Describe the types of kinship groups formed on the basis of different principles.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on. Segmentary lineage and territoriality.
  • 2010What factors are responsible for bringing about variation in residence of different societies ? Explain how kinship influences man’s social life.
  • 2008Write a note on Forms of descent groups.
  • 2003Define Kinship and throw light on the functional importance of Kinship in Anthropology.
  • 2001Explain the salient features of Descent and Alliance theories. Discuss the relevance to the analysis and understanding of Social Structure.
  • 1998Now we live more in a class than a caste. Discuss foe role of kinship in this changed situation.
  • 1997Discuss the distinguishing features of unilineal, bilineal and bilateral kin groups with suitable examples.
  • 1995What is kinship system? Describe the changing roles of the system in the context of westernization in India.
  • 1994Write a note on Kinship terms and kinship behaviour.
  • 1994Write a note on Lineage and clan.
  • 1991What is kinship system? Discuss its relevance in understanding the social structure of society.
  • 1988What are incest regulation? Bring out their socio-cultural functions in the context of stability in the institutions marriage, family and kinship.
  • 1986Write a note on Differences between clan and lineage in primitive society.
  • 1984Distinguish between: Double descent and bilateral descent.
  • 1984Descent is a cultural rule. Discuss.
  • 1984Evaluate the role of kinship in regulating sex and marriage.
  • 1983Extended family and kinship ties are incompatible with an industrial society. Critically examine the view.
  • 1982The modern State has taken over many functions of the family and kin groups. Discuss.
  • 1981“Unilineal kinship is more characteristic of segmentary society than bilateral kinship.” Discuss.
Unit 03 · Economic Organization · 30 questions

30 questions · 13 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Economic organization

Notes: Economic Anthropology · Production and Exchange

30 questions

  • 2024Write notes on: Cultural relevance of the Kula.
  • 2023Discuss the impact of globalization on the economic systems of indigenous communities.
  • 2022Write notes on: Debate between formalist and substantivist approaches.
  • 2022Critically examine various anthropological interpretations about the Kula Ring.
  • 2021Write notes on : Modes of Subsistence.(in about 150 words).
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Pastoralism in India.
  • 2019Discuss how indigenous people encounter globalization.
  • 2018Write the characteristics of hunting and gathering economy.
  • 2017With the help of appropriate examples,explain the various forms of exchange system.
  • 2016Discuss the principles governing production, distribution and exchange in simple societies.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Horticulture.
  • 2015Critically examine the Formalists and Substantivists’ views on the applicability of economic laws in the study of primitive societies.
  • 2013Discuss the impact of globalization on tribal economy. (350 words).
  • 2011Critically examine the debate between Formalists and Substantivists.
  • 2005Write a note on Trade and Barter.
  • 2005Critically discuss the formalist and substantivist approaches in the context of economic anthropology.
  • 2004Write a note on Ceremonial Exchange.
  • 2003Write a note on Kula Ring.
  • 2003“Primitive economic organization has several peculiar features relating to the production, consumption, distribution and exchange.” Discuss the above statement by providing appropriate illustrations.
  • 1997Delineate the meaning and scope of economic anthropology and discuss the principle that govern production, distribution and consumption in hunting and gathering communities.
  • 1994Describe the economic organization of gathering hunting tribes..Illustrate your answer from that of Indian situation.
  • 1993Critically examine the view of formal and substantive schools of thought in Economic Anthropology.
  • 1992Define market. Discuss the nature and role of market in tribal Countries.
  • 1990Discuss the meaning and scope of economic anthropology.
  • 1988Write a note on Tribal Markets.
  • 1988Discuss the role of reciprocity and redistribution in tribal economy with examples.
  • 1987Discuss the meaning and scope of economic anthropology. Explain the method of exchange in the context of simple societies.
  • 1985Social processes function to coordinate economic exchange and redistribution.Discuss.
  • 1982Distinguish the modes of exchange in primitive society from those of the peasant society.
  • 1981“Economics relations are an aspect of social relations.” Justify. (200 words).
Unit 04 · Political Organization and Social Control · 26 questions

26 questions · 11 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Political organization and social control

Notes: Political Organisation · Social Control, Law and Justice

26 questions

  • 2026How do the concepts of power, authority, legitimacy and social control change with changing political organization? Discuss in detail giving suitable examples.
  • 2024Write notes on: Authority and forms of political organization.
  • 2023Write notes on: Customary laws and Environmental conservation.
  • 2022Discuss the mechanism of social control in different kinds of political systems.
  • 2021How do political organizations of simple societies establish power, authority and legitimacy ?
  • 2020How is the construct of power linked to the notion of conspicuous consumption and its impact on distributive justice?
  • 2018How does customary law function in the tribal society ? Discuss its different sources.
  • 2017Mention the characteristic features of band with suitable examples.
  • 2016Discuss different social control mechanisms in simple societies.
  • 2014Discuss the nature of Law and Justice in simple societies citing suitable examples.
  • 2014Differentiate between State and Stateless Societies.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Band and Tribal societies.
  • 2009Write a note on Chiefdom in tribal society.
  • 2006Describe the evolution of political systems.
  • 2006Discuss the factors affecting ethnic boundaries giving suitable examples.
  • 1996Differentiate between centralized political systems and stateless political systems, and state how law and justice are administered in stateless societies.
  • 1994Differentiate between state and stateless political systems. Do you think that a stateless political system can function in modern societies ?
  • 1991Explain the meaning and scope of political anthropology. Describe how law and justice are maintained in simpler societies.
  • 1990Write a note on Band and tribe.
  • 1989Explain the meaning and scope of Political Anthropology. Describe how law and order are being maintained in the so called preliterate societies.
  • 1986How is law administered in primitive societies ? Give suitable examples.
  • 1985Write a note in 200 words on Tribal India : Distribution and major economic pursuits of the tribal population.
  • 1985What are the basic features of law and what are its functions ? Substantiate your views with illustrations.
  • 1984Describe a stateless political system.
  • 1983Civil laws are present also in simpler societies.
  • 1981Differentiate between the State and Stateless political systems with regard to locus, power and functions of the ​​legitimate authority.
Unit 05 · Religion · 39 questions

39 questions · 16 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Religion

Notes: Approaches to Religion · Forms of Religion, Magic and Functionaries

39 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Myth as oral literature.
  • 2026How do religious beliefs help people to devise cultural mechanisms to adapt to their environment? Discuss in detail with appropriate examples.
  • 2025Critically examine James Frazer’s theory of evolutionism. Elucidate the place of religion in modernity.
  • 2023How did Clifford Geertz look at religion? Differentiate between anthropological and psychological approaches to the study of religion.
  • 2022Write notes on: Shaman, sorcerer and medicine man.
  • 2021Write notes on Animism and Deep Ecology in about 150 words.
  • 2019Critically explain the anthropological approaches to religion.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Difference between Science and Magic.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Difference between religion and magic.
  • 2017Discuss the different traditional forms of religion in tribal societies.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Totemism.
  • 2016Critically examine different Anthropological approaches to Religion.
  • 2015How do you relate the concepts of ‘Sacred’ and ‘Profane’ in Durkheim’s  theory of religion with a focus on the role of totem ?
  • 2014What is understood by ‘Rites of Passage’ ? Describe the various phases of the ‘Rites of Passage’ and their significance.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Totemism.
  • 2013How does taboo serve as a means of social control ? (250 words).
  • 2012Distinguish between Religion, Magic and Science.
  • 2011Explain various anthropological approaches to study religion.
  • 2007Write a note on Shamanism.
  • 2007How anthropologists define Religion? Describe various forms of religion with suitable examples?
  • 2006Discuss Anthropological approaches to the study of Religion.
  • 2005“Witchcraft accusation is the result of strained interpersonal relations.” Explain.
  • 2004Distinguish between magic and religion. Give suitable examples.
  • 1999Discuss some of the characteristic features of tribal religions in India and state how far have they changed in recent times.
  • 1998Write a note on Witchcraft and sorcery.
  • 1996Why have religion and magic become stable features of a society ? What role do the religious functionaries play in simple and non-literate societies ?
  • 1994Describe the role of totemism in primitive religion, according to Durkheim.
  • 1993Highlight the significance of religious practices in Tribal Communities of India.
  • 1992Write a note on Religion and Magic.
  • 1992What is Taboo. Discuss the Significance  of Taboo in primitive societies.
  • 1991What is religion ? Discuss Taylor’s theory of origin of religion.
  • 1990Describe the origin of religion. Distinguish between religion and magic.
  • 1989What do you mean by totemism ? Discuss the role of totemism in the tribal life of India.
  • 1987Distinguish between religion and magic. Critically examine the different theories of religion and comment on their relevance today.
  • 1986Write a note on differences between primitive religion and world religion.
  • 1985How do you explain the origin and evolution of religion ? How does religion continue to function in human society ?
  • 1984Distinguish between : Animism and animatism.
  • 1982Discuss the theories of origins of religion. Which one appears to be most adequate?
  • 1981“Nature Totemism continuities is a religion .” Substantiate based on.man (200- words).
Unit 06 · Anthropological Theories · 115 questions

115 questions · 42 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Anthropological theories

Notes: Classical Evolutionism · Historical Particularism · Diffusionism · Functionalism · Structural-Functionalism · Structuralism · Culture and Personality · Neo-Evolutionism · Cultural Materialism · Symbolic and Cognitive Anthropology · Postmodernism in Anthropology

Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer) · 8 questions

  • 2025Critically examine James Frazer’s theory of evolutionism. Elucidate the place of religion in modernity.
  • 2021Critically evaluate Lewis Morgan’s classification of family.
  • 2015How did Morgan explain the evolution of marriage, family and Socio-Political organization and how did other evolutionists disagree with his explanation ?
  • 2010Point out the differences in the concepts of classical evolutionism and neo- evolutionism in socio-cultural anthropology. Which stage of prehistoric culture is known as cultural revolution and why ?
  • 1996Write a note on Classical evolutionism.
  • 1988Write a note on 19th century evolutionism.
  • 1985Write a note on Contributions of Morgan and Tylor in the history of anthropological thought.
  • 1981Discuss the basic assumptions of 19th century evolutionism. Are these valid today?

Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American) · 14 questions

  • 2024Discuss historical particularism as a critical development to the classical evolutionism.
  • 2021Write notes on Historical Particularism and Franz Boas, (in about 150 words).
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Historical Particularism.
  • 2015How do diffusionism and evolutionism differ as explanations of Culture Change?
  • 1998Define ‘culture area’. How did it help the American diffusionists to understand diffusion of culture ?
  • 1997Critically examine the Historical Particularistic approach of Franz Boas to the study of culture.
  • 1996What is meant by cultural diffusionism ? Give an account of Fritz Graebner’s contributions to the theory of cultural diffusionism.
  • 1995What was Boas approach of studying primitive cultures ? Delineate the role of field work and history in anthropological study.
  • 1993Bring out the merits and demerits in the British Diffusion Studies and the American Distribution Studies.
  • 1992Write a note on Diffusion and Diffusionism.
  • 1991Write a note on Franz Boas.
  • 1988Write a note on Franz Boas.
  • 1984Distinguish between : British school of diffusion and Austro-German school of diffusion.
  • 1983Diffusionism is an extremist view.Exemplify.

Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) · 26 questions

  • 2023Critically discuss the controversies related to fieldwork of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead.
  • 2022Write notes on: Radcliffe-Brown’s ideas on status, role and institution.
  • 2019How did Radcliffe-Brown and Levi-Strauss study kinship in terms of social structure?
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Basic tenets of structural-functionalism.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Functionalism.
  • 2014What is functionalism? Discuss the functional approach to the understanding of Religion.
  • 2013In what ways is Functionalism different from Structural Functionalism? (350words).
  • 2008Write a note on Structural functionalism.
  • 2003Describe structural features of social life as suggested by Radcliffe-Brown in his theory of social structure.
  • 2001Discuss the approaches of RadcliffeBrown and Evans-Pritchard to Methods Comparative in Anthropological Research.
  • 1999What is meant by functionalism? Discuss the basic tenets of Malinowski’s functionalism.
  • 1998“To Radcliffe-Brown ‘function’ was the contribution an institution makes to the maintenance of social structure.” Elucidate in the light of RadcliffeBrown’s contributions to structural functionalism theory.
  • 1995Give the names of two prominent British functionalists in social anthropology. Describe the functional theory attributed to any one of them.
  • 1994Write a note on A.R. Radcliffe-Brown.
  • 1992Define social function. Critically evaluate the concepts as postulated by Malinowski.
  • 1990Discuss Malinowski’s contributions to functionalism in social anthropology.
  • 1989Re-examine the view of Radcliffe-Brown in connection with structure and function in Anthropology.
  • 1987Evaluate Malinowski’s contribution to functionalism.
  • 1986Examine Malinowski’s theory of needs and state its merits.
  • 1986Write an essay on ‘structure-function theory of Radcliffe-Brown.’
  • 1984Distinguish between : Note Malinowski’s contribution to functionalism in social anthropology.
  • 1984Evaluate the contribution of Radcliffe Brown for the development of structural method.
  • 1983Functionalism is not confined to Anthropology among social sciences. Elaborate.
  • 1982Discuss contributions of Malinowski. Radcliffe Brown and Firth to the concept of Function.
  • 1981Specify limitations of Radcliffe-Brown’s method of comparison as actually used by him. (200 words).
  • 1981“Structure-functional studies do not explain casual relationships.” Discuss the view.

Structuralism (Levi-Strauss and E. Leach) · 16 questions

  • 2026How is the theory of structuralism helpful in understanding the concepts of caste and gender?
  • 2024How does Lévi-Strauss look at the Tsimshian myth of Asdiwal? Critically discuss Lévi-Strauss’ theory of structuralism in the light of his study of mythologies.
  • 2021Explain the structural analysis of kinship as proposed by Levi – Strauss.
  • 2016How do the concepts of binary opposites and exchange figure in Levi-Strauss’ structural analysis of kinship?
  • 2009What are the major criticisms of the theory of ‘Structuralism’ as propounded by Claude Levi-Strauss ?
  • 1996Analyze how Raymond Firth’s concepts of structure, function, organization and process accommodate the study of both static and dynamic aspects of the social structure.
  • 1994Write a note on Structuralist approach to the study of myth.
  • 1993Write a note on Edmund R Leach.
  • 1991Discuss how Edmund Leach views social structure as a model.
  • 1989Examine critically the concept of Model and myth in  Levi-Strauss Anthropology.
  • 1988Discuss how Edmund Leach viewed ‘Social Structure’ as a model.
  • 1986Critically examine the contribution of Levi-Strauss in providing a theoretical ‘ frame for the structural analysis in society.
  • 1985Discuss in brief model and myth in Levi- Strauss anthropology.
  • 1984Discuss how structuralism derived from modern linguistics ?
  • 1982Discuss the structural study of myth by Levi-Strauss.
  • 1981Discuss how social structure is conceived as models, following Levi-Strauss and Leach.

Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois) · 20 questions

  • 2026Discuss, with appropriate examples, how basic personality types may lead towards building up of national character.
  • 2024Critically discuss the characteristics of the psychological types in the cultures of the American South-West as observed by Ruth Benedict.
  • 2023Discuss political and methodological aspects of national character studies. Elucidate the contemporary relevance of such studies.
  • 2020Discuss various anthropological approaches to the study of personality and culture.
  • 2018What do you understand by the National Character Study ? Illustrate the concept.
  • 2017Explain Ruth Benedict’s patterns of culture.
  • 2008Discuss the relationship between culture and personality.
  • 2004Critically discuss the contribution of Ruth Benedict to the study of culture,.
  • 2001Discuss the contributions of Margaret Mead and Ralph Linton to the analysis of the relationship between culture and personality.
  • 1999Discuss the contributions of Ralph Linton, Core-Du-Bois and Abraham Kardiner in the study of personality.
  • 1996Write a note on Culture and personality •.
  • 1994Discuss critically anthropological approaches in national character studies.
  • 1994Examine the relationship between culture and personality. Give suitable examples to illustrate your answer.
  • 1992Write a note on Model Personality.
  • 1992Define basic personality and discuss the different methods employed in the study of its structure.
  • 1988Define basic personality and discuss the different methods employed in the study of its structure.
  • 1986Write a note on Basic personality structure and model personality.
  • 1984Distinguish between : Basic personality and model personality.
  • 1982Discuss the limitations of basic personality constructs and model personality in the study of culture and personality.
  • 1981Discuss the value and limitations of national character studies in Anthropology.

Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service) · 11 questions

  • 2026Critically discuss how culture determines human behaviour in the light of Leslie White’s theory.
  • 2022Discuss the approaches of Leslie White, Julian Steward and Marshall Sahlins in the light of cultural evolution.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Gordon Childe’s Theory of Cultural Evolution.
  • 2017Critically examine the Stewardian view of neo-evolutionism.
  • 2009Explain the theory of Neo-evolutionism’
  • 2002Discuss the contribution of Julian Steward of Cultural Ecology.
  • 2000What do you understand by neoevolutionism ? Evaluate how Leslie A. White’s approach is helpful in understanding cultural evolution.
  • 1998What do you mean by cultural ecology ? Evaluate how Julian Steward’s particularistic approach is helpful in understanding multilineal evolution.
  • 1997Write a note on Neo-evolutionism.
  • 1993How do the approach of the 19th Century Evolutionists differ from those of the Neo-Evolutionists ? Discuss.
  • 1989Write an essay on neo-evolutionism and cultural ecology.

Cultural materialism (Harris) · 2 questions

  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Cultural Materialism.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Cultural materialism.

Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz) · 12 questions

  • 2026Compare Edmund Leach’s structuralism with interpretive anthropology of Clifford Geertz.
  • 2025Compare and contrast the symbolic approaches of Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner to understand culture.
  • 2023How did Clifford Geertz look at religion? Differentiate between anthropological and psychological approaches to the study of religion.
  • 2021Elucidate the concept of “thick description” of Clifford Geertz with a suitable example.
  • 2020Write notes on Victor Turner and Liminality in about 150 words.
  • 2019Examine critically the contributions of Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz in anthropology.
  • 2016According to Geertz, how does the cock-fight reveal aspects of Balinese culture?
  • 2015What made Geertz’s Interpretive Anthropology distinct from Turner’s symbolic anthropology? What does each of them mean by the terms ‘Symbol’ and ‘Symbolic’ ?
  • 2013Bring out the contribution of Turner and Geertz in symbolic and interpretive theories in Anthropology. (250 words).
  • 2007Write a note on Symbolism.
  • 2001Write a note on Symbolic Anthropology.
  • 1999Write a note on Symbolism.

Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) · 1 question

  • 2002Write a note on Cognitive Anthropology.

Postmodernism in anthropology · 5 questions

  • 2025How the theories of postmodernism are relevant in promoting social justice and empowerment of marginalised communities?
  • 2024Critically explain the notion of ‘deconstruction’ in the light of the postmodern works of Jacques Derrida.
  • 2023Critically examine Arjun Appadurai’s conceptualization of global cultural economy.
  • 2015Explain the basic features of ‘Postmodernism’ in Anthropology.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Post -modernism in Anthropology.
Unit 07 · Culture, Language and Communication · 8 questions

8 questions · 6 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Culture, language and communication

Notes: Culture, Language and Communication

8 questions

  • 2025Describe briefly the theoretical perspectives in linguistic anthropology to explain the relationship of culture, language and thought.
  • 2023Write notes on: Glottochronology.
  • 2020Write notes on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in about 150 words.
  • 2020Explain how variations in language usage is related to social inequality.
  • 2018Critically examine that the structure and content of language are influenced by culture.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Nonverbal communication.
  • 2010State the theories regarding the origin of spoken languages in human societies both from biological and cultural points of view.
  • 1993Write a note on Language and culture.
Unit 08 · Research Methods in Anthropology · 55 questions

55 questions · 23 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Research methods in anthropology

Notes: Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology · Tools of Data Collection

Fieldwork tradition in Anthropology · 27 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Ethics in anthropological fieldwork.
  • 2025Write notes on: Multispecies, Multi-sited and Critical Ethnography.
  • 2024Discuss the contemporary challenges in fieldwork method in anthropological research.
  • 2023Critically discuss the controversies related to fieldwork of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead.
  • 2022Write the historical development of fieldwork tradition in anthropology till recent times.
  • 2020Write notes on the Experiential Ethnography in about 150 words.
  • 2017Elucidate the basic characteristics of anthropological fieldwork methods.
  • 2016Describe the evolution of fieldwork tradition in Anthropology.
  • 2015Explain the difference between emic and etic, and how does the difference derive from the study of language?
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Field work tradition in Anthropology.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Fieldwork tradition in Anthropology.
  • 2008Discuss the importance of field work in anthropology and describe various tools of data collection.
  • 2000Write a note on Etic and Ernie approach.
  • 1999Discuss the contribution of field work in the development of anthropological concept and theories.
  • 1998Trade the genesis and development -of field work in anthropological research. Assess its import-ance in the development of Anthropology.
  • 1996Examine the importance of observation as a fieldwork technique in Anthropology. Differentiate between participant and non-participant observation and analyze the problem of objectivity in participant observation.
  • 1994Discuss the nature and logic of anthropological field work methods. Do these differ from those of other social sciences ? Discuss.
  • 1993Discuss the nature and method of Anthropological Field work and explain its uniqueness.
  • 1991Discuss the nature and logic of anthropological field work methods.
  • 1989How does fieldworker strike a balance between theoretical requirements and real field situations ? Describe with suitable examples.
  • 1988Discuss the different fieldwork traditions in anthropological research.
  • 1987Write a note on Anthropological fieldwork.
  • 1986Explain the significant role of an informant in anthropological fieldwork.
  • 1985Write a note in 200 words on Field work traditions in Anthropology.
  • 1984Describe the nature of anthropological ‘ field work and evaluate its role in the formulation of anthropological theories.
  • 1983Fieldwork has served on develop theory  in Anthropology. Discuss.
  • 1981Discuss the place and importance of fieldwork in anthropological method.

Distinction between technique, method and methodology · 4 questions

  • 1993Write a note on Method and Methodology.
  • 1990Discuss the difference between the technique, method and methodology as employed in anthropological studies.
  • 1987Distinguish between technique, method and method mood methodology. Examine their role in anthropological studies.
  • 1986Trace the rise and development of empiricism in Anthropology.

Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods · 20 questions

  • 2026Discuss the mixed method approach in anthropological research.
  • 2025Differentiate between pedigree and genealogical analyses. Discuss the history and application of these methods in anthropological studies.
  • 2024Discuss the applicability of various sampling techniques in selecting the study group.
  • 2022Write notes on: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).
  • 2021Discuss various tools of data collection in conducting anthropological research.
  • 2019Evaluate participant observation in producing anthropological knowledge.
  • 2019Discuss phenomenology as a research method in anthropological studies.
  • 2018How is case study method helpful in understanding a social phenomena? Explain with suitable example.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Questionnaire.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Genealogical Method.
  • 2013Discuss the relevance of Case Study method of data collection. (250 words).
  • 2012What are the tools of data collection? Discuss the advantages and limitations of participants-observations as a technique of data collection.
  • 2009Write a note on ‘Schedule’ and Questionnaire’ in research methodology.
  • 2007Critically examine the contribution of Positivistic and Non-Positivistic approaches in Social Science Research.
  • 2006Critically examine the role of subjectivity in Anthropological Research.
  • 2005Write a note on Schedule and Questionnaire.
  • 2004Write a note on Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA).
  • 1995What are questionnaire and schedule techniques of field study? Assess their relative usefulness in anthropological studies.
  • 1994Write a note on Genealogical method of field investigation.
  • 1989Write a note on Participant Observation in Anthropological Field Work.

Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data · 4 questions

  • 2023Describe various methods of qualitative data analysis. Highlight some popular computer softwares used in qualitative analysis.
  • 2020How have interpretation and presentation of data changed from classical to contemporary writings in anthropological texts?
  • 2010What do you understand by the following terms? a. Systemic sampling b. Stratified sampling c. Multistage sampling….
  • 2006Write a note on Life-Table.
Unit 09 · Human Genetics, Race and Ecological Anthropology · 187 questions

187 questions · 79 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

9.1 Human genetics: methods and application

Notes: Human Genetics Methods

17 questions

  • 2026How would you find out that a particular disease/disorder is inherited and, if so, in which manner? Elaborate with suitable examples.
  • 2025Differentiate between pedigree and genealogical analyses. Discuss the history and application of these methods in anthropological studies.
  • 2025What are genetic markers? Discuss their applications in understanding population variation, disease association and forensics.
  • 2024Write notes on: Heritability and its estimation.
  • 2022Write notes on: Pedigree analysis in genetic counselling.
  • 2017Briefly describe the various methods used in the genetic study of man.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Twin method in human genetics.
  • 2007Write a note on Pedigree Analysis.
  • 2001Write a note on Recombinant DNA technology.
  • 2000What do you understand by recombinant DNA technology ? Discuss its application and limitations in improving human health.
  • 1999Discuss the role of twins in naturenurture problems and illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
  • 1998Define twins. Describe the method of diagnosis of twins. In what ways are twins useful in the study of human genetics.
  • 1997Discuss the recent developments in genetic techniques and comment upon their potential social significance.
  • 1996Why are gender studies gaining importance these days ? Assess the contribution of anthropology to gender studies.
  • 1995Discuss the genetical and clinical aspects of the anomalies of sex chromosomes in man with special reference to the associated mosaic constitutions.
  • 1988Write a note on Heredity and environment.
  • 1981“Genetic similarities far outweigh the racial differences among men.” Discuss.

9.2 Mendelian genetics in man

Notes: Mendelian Genetics in Man

14 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Mendelian and non-Mendelian traits.
  • 2024What is a multifactorial trait? Illustrate your answer with suitable human examples.
  • 2023Write notes on: Polygenic Inheritance.
  • 2016Critically discuss the Mendelian principles and their application to human populations.
  • 2012What are lethal and sub-lethal genes ?Explain.
  • 2011Discuss monogenic and polygenic inheritance in man, citing suitable examples.
  • 1993What are the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the field of Genetics ? Discuss with suitable examples how Mendel’s laws of inheritance are applicable to Man?
  • 1992What are Mendel’s laws of inheritance ? Describe the recent advances in human genetics.
  • 1991Write a note on Mendelism.
  • 1990Describe Mendel’s laws of Inheritance. What are the recent advances in human genetics and human cytogenetics ?
  • 1989Write a note on Law of Heredity as Propounded by Mendel.
  • 1987Discuss how the laws of heredity propounded by Mendel can be understood in the context of meiotic cell division and their application on Man.
  • 1986Discuss the laws of inheritance propounded by Mendel on the basis of his classic experiments. Explain how these laws are applied in the study of human genetics.
  • 1982Mendelian principle are equally applicable to animal populations as well as to human populations. Discuss.

9.3 Genetic polymorphism, Hardy-Weinberg law and consanguinity

Notes: Hardy–Weinberg Law and Genetic Polymorphism

38 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Genetic polymorphism and natural selection.
  • 2025What are genetic markers? Discuss their applications in understanding population variation, disease association and forensics.
  • 2023What assumptions must be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium? Explain the importance of genetic equilibrium.
  • 2022Write notes on: Balanced and transient genetic polymorphism.
  • 2022Discuss the role of evolutionary forces in creating human diversity.
  • 2020Write notes on the Genetic drift in about 150 words.
  • 2020How do marriage rules impact the gene pool of populations?
  • 2019Differentiate between transient and balanced genetic polymorphism. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples from human populations.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Hardy-Weinberg Law.
  • 2015Define genetic polymorphism. Give details of its types with suitable examples.
  • 2015What do you understand by Immunogenetics? Explain with suitable examples.
  • 2014Discuss the factors affecting gene frequencies among human populations.
  • 2013What do you understand by ‘Genetic Load’ in a population? How is it measured and what are the important factors that can influence it? (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on How ‘natural selection’ acts on variation?
  • 2012What are the genetic effects of consanguinity? Give examples.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Conditions necessary for the operation of Hardy. Weinberg Law.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Genetic polymorphism.
  • 2010What is Balanced Genetic Polymorphism? How is it maintained in a population?
  • 2009Write a note on Natural selection in humans.
  • 2009Write a note on Anthropological relevance of population genetics.
  • 2009What is ‘genetic load’ & what factors influence it ?
  • 2008Write a note on Inbreeding.
  • 2008What do you understand by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Discuss the factors that produce and redistribute variations.
  • 2006Write a note on Genetic Polymorphism.
  • 2005Write a note on Problems of Inbreeding.
  • 2003Write a note on Genetic Polymorphism and Selection.
  • 2003Describe in brief the major causes of change in gene frequency of a population.
  • 2000Write a note on Genetic Adaptation.
  • 1998Write a note on Mutation.
  • 1998Define Hardy-Weinberg law and state briefly how Hardy-Weinberg law is applicable in population human genetics ?
  • 1997Discuss the concept of ‘Mendelian population’ and its application in the study of anthropo-genetic variations in India.
  • 1996Discuss the concepts of balanced polymorphism and relaxed selection with special reference to Malaria dependent polymorphisms in man.
  • 1993Write a note on Inbreeding and crossbreeding.
  • 1988Write a note on Inbreeding and hybridization.
  • 1987Is inbreeding different from consanguinity? Give an account of inbreeding studies in India and comment on their social relevance.
  • 1986What are the various forms of preferential mating? Explain with Indian examples.
  • 1985Discuss the role of genetic drift, mutation and migration as the causes of variation.
  • 1981‘Inbreeding is not necessarily deleterious in effect.’ Comment (200 words).

9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations

Notes: Chromosomal Aberrations

30 questions

  • 2026Numerical chromosomal aberrations can be due to abnormalities in autosomes as well as sex chromosomes. Elaborate in terms of the effects these have on human body, giving suitable examples.
  • 2025‘Genome-wide Disease Association Studies (GWAS) advanced our understanding of health and disease.’ Discuss.
  • 2024What is meant by karyotype? How does its analysis help in diagnosis of the chromosomal aberrations in man?
  • 2024What is genetic counselling? Briefly discuss various steps involved in it.
  • 2023Describe the causes of structural abnormalities of chromosomes with suitable examples.
  • 2023Describe the practical applications of DNA technology in the current scenario.
  • 2022Write notes on: Genetic imprinting in human diseases.
  • 2021“Chromosomal aberrations can play havoc with the human body and mind.” Explain with suitable examples.
  • 2020How may numerical aberrations in sex chromosomes lead to genetic disorders ?
  • 2020What are the applications of human genomic research in human welfare?
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Categorize Genes that influence Human Survival.
  • 2018Describe the mechanisms for structural anomalies of autosomes with diagrams.
  • 2016Explain the significance of screening and counselling for genetic disorders.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Down’s Syndrome.
  • 2015Discuss chromosomal aberrations in man illustrating with examples.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Genetic Counselling.
  • 2014Describe Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes in humans.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Genetic Counselling.
  • 2012Discuss the chromosomal aberrations and manifestations of Klinefelter and Turner syndromes.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Oncogenes.
  • 2010Chromosomal deletions and numerical fluctuations may lead to gross abnormalities in man. Discuss with the help of suitable examples.
  • 2007Write a note on Genome Study.
  • 2007Discuss different types of sex chromosomal aberrations.
  • 2006What is Genetic Counselling? Discuss its relevance in the present day context.
  • 2003Write a note on Klinefelter syndrome.
  • 2002Write a note on Genetic Counselling.
  • 2001Discuss the relevance of human DNA Profiling and Gene Mapping in the prevention and cure of diseases.
  • 1998Write a note on Genetic counselling.
  • 1995Write a note on Gene therapy.
  • 1987Write a note on Tourodontism.

9.5 Race and racism

Notes: Race and Racism

29 questions

  • 2023Write notes on: Race and Ethnicity.
  • 2021Write notes on : Is race a valid and biologically meaningful concept ?(in about 150 words).
  • 2020Write notes on the Racism and Eugenics in about 150 words.
  • 2019With reference to the somatoscopic and morphometric characteristics commonly used for racial classification, make critical comments as to whether ‘Race’ is a valid concept.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Race is a Myth. Justify its Present Day Relevance.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Concept of race.
  • 2016Explain the role of heredity and environment in the formation of races.
  • 2013Differentiate between Race and Racism. What are three races of the world ? Give important biological criteria used frequently for such a classification. (250 words)
  • 2012Discuss race crossing in humans with suitable examples.
  • 2010Is Race a valid concept ? Critically assess the relevance of racial classification in the Indian context.
  • 2006Write a note on Racial Criteria.
  • 2004Write a note on Race and Racism.
  • 1999Write a note on Racial criteria.
  • 1998What is ‘race’ ? Enumerate and discuss the factors responsible for the formation of races.
  • 1996Write a note on Controversies of race.
  • 1994Discuss the role of heredity and environment in formation of race.
  • 1993Write a note on Racial types in India.
  • 1992Discuss the main processes involved in the formation of races.
  • 1991What is race ? Describe the criteria employed for the classification of human races:.
  • 1990How are the races formed ? Describe the physical characteristics and distribution of different racial types in India ?
  • 1989Examine critically the basis of racial classification in the light of modern development in Physical Anthropology.
  • 1988Define race as a biological concept and discuss the various criteria of racial classification.
  • 1987Write a note on Racism.
  • 1985Write a note on Factors involved in race formation in man.
  • 1984Discuss the role of environment and heredity in the formation of race.
  • 1984Define race and describe its relevance to modern anthropological studies.
  • 1983Do you find a serological basis: of racial classification? Discuss.
  • 1982Discuss the role of environment and heredity in formation of races.
  • 1982Racial superiority is not based on science. Substantiate.

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic markers

Notes: Genetic Markers

11 questions

  • 2024Write notes on: Hemoglobin in health and disease.
  • 2024Describe the genetics and inheritance patterns of the ABO and Rh blood groups in man.
  • 2022What do you understand by blood group systems? How is HLA system different from those based on red cell antigens?
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Rh-Blood Group.
  • 2013What are genetic markers and what is their usefulness? Why are blood groups considered as good genetic markers? Illustrate with examples. (250 words).
  • 2012Discuss the role of ABO blood group system in resolving cases of disputed paternity.
  • 2012Give a comparative account of variations in hemoglobin level and respiratory functions among the populations living under different environmental stresses.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Respiratory functions.
  • 2009Write a note on Genetics of HLA and organ transplantation.
  • 2008Write a note on ABO and Rh blood group distribution in human populations.
  • 2000Evaluate genetic heterogeneity of ABO, Rh and Gm antigens. Discuss how the principle human groups can be distinguished on the basis of their blood antigen characteristic.

9.7 Ecological anthropology

Notes: Ecological Anthropology

25 questions

  • 2025How political economy is integrated with ecological and adaptability perspectives in bio-cultural anthropology?
  • 2021What is acclimatization? Discuss adaptive responses to high altitude and cold climate.
  • 2020Describe the biocultural responses to extreme climatic events.
  • 2019“Human adaptations are always biocultural in nature.” Discuss with reference to human adaptation to high altitude climate.
  • 2018Distinguish between adaptation, adaptability and acclimatization with examples.
  • 2017Discuss the responses and acclimatization to high altitude stresses.
  • 2016Discuss the genetic and non-genetic factors in the bio-cultural adaptations of human beings to different environments.
  • 2015Critically examine the physiological responses and acclimatization to cold climate in Man.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Ecological Anthropology.
  • 2014What are the stresses at high altitudes? How do better cardio-respiratory functions help the native highlanders in combating low environmental pressure.
  • 2013Justify “Though human growth is under tight genetic control but it is influenced by various environmental factors.” (250 words).
  • 2013Elaborate upon major human adaptations to heat and cold. (250 words).
  • 2012How does improved aerobic fitness increase exercise tolerance in warm humid climates ? Give suitable examples in support of your answer.
  • 2011Native highlanders are well adapted to the high altitude environment. Discuss.
  • 2008Define adaptability. What biocultural adjustments do humans show in coping up with stress at high altitude ?
  • 2007Examine adaptive significance of Human Variations in Tropical and Arctic climatic zones.
  • 2002Write a note on Biological adaptation.
  • 2001Write a note on Ecological Anthropology.
  • 2000Define ecosystem. Explain with examples, how biocultural ad~ptive qualities have helped human survival in stressful eco-conditions.
  • 1999Discuss the mechanism by which the human body adapts to altitudinal changes and other geographical stresses.
  • 1997Write a note on Ecological Anthropology.
  • 1997How are body size and shape related to climatic adaptation ? Discuss the ecological rules with examples from human situations.
  • 1995Define adaptability. Compare the adaptive response in man to stresses at high altitudes and in a hot desert environment.
  • 1995What is cultural ecology ? Discuss how man adapts himself to different environments, giving suitable examples.
  • 1983Stature is susceptible to environmental influences. Substantiate.

9.8 Epidemiological anthropology

Notes: Epidemiological Anthropology

23 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Health as a cultural construct.
  • 2025How anthropologists assess the nutritional status of a community? Discuss the significance of intersectionality of ecology, culture, and social inequality in the study of nutritional anthropology.
  • 2025Write notes on: Foetal origin of adult diseases and contribution of David Barker.
  • 2024Critically comment on the lifestyle diseases and their impact on human health.
  • 2023Elucidate the different forms of malnutrition. Describe protein-calorie malnutrition with suitable examples.
  • 2022What is meant by health? Is the burden of lifestyle diseases on the rise? Justify your answer with suitable examples.
  • 2020Critically examine the demographic and epidemiological consequences with rise in food production and sedentism.
  • 2020Describe the impact of infectious diseases on indigenous populations.
  • 2018Narrate evolution of disease and major causes of ill health in human populations.
  • 2016Describe the scope of Epidemiological Anthropology in the study of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
  • 2014Discuss the role of anthropology in the understanding of health and disease. What specific understanding is available with respect to infectious and non-infectious diseases ?
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Epidemiological Anthropology.
  • 2013What is meant by epidemiological transition? Elaborate upon its causes and consequences highlighting major health problems of our adult population today. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Epidemiological anthropology.
  • 2012Briefly discuss the important causes for the variations in occurrence and intensity of parasitic diseases among different populations.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Social I concept of disease.
  • 2009Write a note on non-communicable diseases.
  • 2005Write a note on Drug Abuse.
  • 2004Write a note on Impact of smoking on Health.
  • 2000Write a note on Malnutrition.
  • 1994Write a note on Malnutrition.
  • 1993Write a note on Effects of malnutrition.
  • 1981“Nutrition affects several physical features. ” Exemplify. (200 words).
Unit 10 · Human Growth and Development · 46 questions

46 questions · 24 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Concept of human growth and development

Notes: Human Growth and Development · Ageing and Somatotypes

46 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Canalization and catch-up growth.
  • 2026What is meant by a somatotype? Discuss the Heath-Carter anthropometric method, giving its advantages over that of Sheldon’s method. How can somatotyping be applied in sports sciences?
  • 2023What is mixed-longitudinal method of studying human growth? Discuss its merits and demerits.
  • 2022Write notes on: Stages of human pre-natal development.
  • 2022Why Heath and Carter used anthropometric measurements instead of photographs of an individual to assess the somatotype? Elaborate their method.
  • 2022Critically evaluate the reasons of reduction in age at menarche in human females over the successive generations.
  • 2021Write notes on: Human adolescent growth spurt. (in about 150 words).
  • 2021Discuss the physiological and evolutionary theories of aging.
  • 2020Write notes on the Senescence in about 150 words.
  • 2020Secular trend in human growth can be positive, negative or neutral. Illustrate with examples.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Genetico -environmental factors affecting human growth.
  • 2019Discuss the methods of studying human growth with their merits and demerits.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Issues of Elderly and Senescence in Developing and Developed Countries.
  • 2018Explain the mechanisms of human variation in gene frequencies.
  • 2017Describe the various methods of studying growth highlighting their merits and demerits.
  • 2017Discuss Sheldon’s method of somatotyping.
  • 2016Discuss different factors affecting growth and development in human beings.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Longitudinal method of studying growth.
  • 2015What is an anthropometric somatotype? Describe Heath and Carter’s method of somatotyping.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Cross-sectional methods of studying human growth.
  • 2014What are the different stages of Growth? Describe any one of them in detail.
  • 2014Discuss Ageing and Senescence. Describe either the biological or social theories of Ageing.
  • 2013Write a note  on Aging  and Senescence  in 150 words.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Differentiate between Child Growth & Development.
  • 2012Explain any two biological theories of aging based on purposeful events.
  • 2011Describe different methods of studying human growth.
  • 2011Define somatotype. Describe the salient features of different components of somatotype.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Senescence and socio-economics in contemporary times.
  • 2009Differentiate between ‘growth’ & development’. List the factors affecting human growth and development.
  • 2009Discuss the theories of ‘Aging’
  • 2006Describe various methods of studying Human Growth specifying their merits and demerits.
  • 2005Write a note on Aging.
  • 2005Critically discuss the factors affecting human growth and development.
  • 2004Critically examine the role of nutritional, socio-economic and cultural factors on human growth and development.
  • 2003Differentiate between human growth and development and describe the various stages of human growth.
  • 2002Write a note on Methods for the study of human growth.
  • 2001Define growth and maturation and discuss the different factors affecting them. ·.
  • 1999What is meant by physical growth: norms? How are these made and how do they depict the growth status of a population?
  • 1998Write a note on Growth curves.
  • 1997Write a note on Longitudinal growth.
  • 1995Write a note on Senescence.
  • 1995Describe the patterns of human physical growth and development from birth to maturity.
  • 1992Discuss the changes which are taking place in the tribal societies in India and describe the factors responsible for this.
  • 1991Describe the stages of human physical growth and development and discuss the effect of nutrition and inbreeding on growth and development.
  • 1990Describe the methods of studying growth and physical development of children. Discuss the role of hormonal and nutritional factors on human growth and development.
  • 1985Give a short account of the present-day growth studies in India.
Unit 11 · Bioevents, Fertility and Demography · 24 questions

24 questions · 16 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

11.1 Menarche, menopause and other bioevents; fertility patterns

Notes: Bioevents, Fertility and Mortality

8 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Evolutionary significance of menopause.
  • 2023Write notes on: Menopausal symptoms.
  • 2022Critically evaluate the reasons of reduction in age at menarche in human females over the successive generations.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Age at menarche.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Menopause and its impact.
  • 2014Discuss the relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio-events to fertility.
  • 2008Write a note on Bioevent of fertility.
  • 2001Write a note on Menarche and Menopause.

11.2 Demographic theories

Notes: Demographic Theories

7 questions

  • 2022Discuss the contemporary population problems in the light of various socio-cultural demographic theories.
  • 2018Do Allen’s rule and Bergmann’s rule hold for human populations ? Explain with examples.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Demographic transition.
  • 2007Write a note on Demographic Transition.
  • 1999Discuss the different theories which explain social and cultural changes.
  • 1994Discuss the racial classification of Indian population as per B.S. Guba. Mention the criticism propounded by other anthropologists.
  • 1986Give a brief account of classification of Indian population as suggested by B.S. Guba, Critically examine his classification.

11.3 Factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality

Notes: Bioevents, Fertility and Mortality

9 questions

  • 2026What do you understand by fertility and mortality? How are these influenced by biological and socio-ecological factors?
  • 2021Discuss the bio-social determinants of fertility and fecundity.
  • 2019Discuss the bio-cultural factors influencing fertility in light of the relationship between fecundity and fertility.
  • 2018Define fecundity and explain major factors affecting fecundity in Indian populations.
  • 2017Describe the biological and socio- ecological factors affecting fertility and mortality.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Fertility and Fecundity.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Fertility and Fecundity.
  • 2010Distinguish between the terms ‘fecundity’ and ‘fertility’. Are the factors influencing them distinguishable? Discuss.
  • 2005Discuss the biological and socioecological factors influencing fertility and mortality. :.
Unit 12 · Applications of Anthropology · 65 questions

65 questions · 20 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Applications of anthropology

Notes: Applied Anthropology · Applied Human Genetics and Statistics

Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology,Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology, Application of statistical methods · 51 questions

  • 2026What is meant by a somatotype? Discuss the Heath-Carter anthropometric method, giving its advantages over that of Sheldon’s method. How can somatotyping be applied in sports sciences?
  • 2026Write notes on: Anthropometry in ergonomics.
  • 2026In what manner is our understanding of serogenetics and cytogenetics useful in reproductive biology? What are the major ethical issues involved in reproductive technology?
  • 2025Examine the utility of human remains in forensic analysis. Discuss the facial reconstruction technique.
  • 2024Discuss the applications of forensic anthropology with suitable examples.
  • 2023Discuss various methods of personal identification based on skeletal remains.
  • 2022Discuss how anthropological knowledge of the human body may be used in designing equipments and articles of human use.
  • 2021How are the cases of disputed paternity solved ? Discuss the recent techniques.
  • 2021What is Anthropometry ? Discuss its role in assessing the nutritional status and sports capability of a person.
  • 2020Write notes on the Ethics and Genetic engineering in about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Anthropological inputs in facial reconstruction.
  • 2019“Applied human genetics has come to touch every sphere of human life.” Discuss in light of recent advances in molecular anthropology.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Anthropology and designing of equipments.
  • 2017What are the methods of personal identification? Critically examine how personal identification helps in criminal investigations.
  • 2016Describe the role of Anthropology in designing defence and other equipments.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Forensic Anthropology.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on DNA technology in Medicine.
  • 2015Elucidate the role of Anthropology in selection and monitoring of sports persons.
  • 2015Forensic Science can help in criminal investigations. Discuss.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Applications of Anthropometry in designing.
  • 2012Briefly discuss the applications of the knowledge of human osteology in forensic investigations.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Personal identification.
  • 2011Discuss the application of anthropological knowledge in designing equipment.
  • 2011Explain the application of anthropological knowledge in genetic counseling, forensic science, sports and nutrition.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Role of forensic anthropology in the field of personal identification.
  • 2009Analyse the various applications of anthropological knowledge to solve medico-legal problems and in the reconstruction of evidence.
  • 2008Write a note on Nutritional anthropology.
  • 2008Discuss the role of anthropology in designing defence and other equipments.
  • 2007Write a note on Forensic Anthropology.
  • 2007Briefly Describe various applications of physical Anthropology.
  • 2006Write a note on Personal Identification.
  • 2005Write a note on Nutritional : Anthropology.
  • 2004Write a note on Anthropology of Sports.
  • 2004Discuss the area in which the knowledge of human genetics can be applied.
  • 2003Write a note on Eugenics.
  • 2003Write a note on Forensic Anthropology.
  • 2003What do you understand by applied Physical Anthropology ? Discuss the applications of anthropometry in designing defence and other equipments.
  • 2002What are the statistical methods used in Physical Anthropology.
  • 2001Evaluate the role of Serogenetics and Cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
  • 2001Write a note on Sampling Methods.
  • 2000Write a note on Chi-square Test.
  • 1999Discuss the application of the human genetics in the field of forensic science and diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders.
  • 1997Critically examine the anthropological approaches to planning and socioeconomic development among the weaker sections of the Indian society, highlighting the issues of macroplanning in anthropology.
  • 1997Write a note on Anthropology of Sports.
  • 1996Discuss the concepts of eugenics and euphenics and their potential applications to human welfare.
  • 1996Write a note on Forensic Anthropology.
  • 1996Write a note on Nutritional ecology.
  • 1990Write a note on Applied anthropology.
  • 1989What is meant by Applied Anthropology? Explain its methods and scope in Indian context.
  • 1988Write a note on Applied physical anthropology.
  • 1984Distinguish between: Applied and action anthropology.

Concept of Development and Rehabilitation from Anthropological Perspective · 7 questions

  • 2005Discuss the concept of people’s participation in planned development.
  • 2004Explain the concept of sustainable development with reference to  development and rehabilitation.
  • 2001Write a note on Displacement and Rehabilitation.
  • 2000What is planning from below ? Critically assess the role of anthropology towards implementing  sustainable development.
  • 1995What is sustainable development ? How does anthropology help attain sustainable development  in the tribal communities in India.
  • 1990Discuss the methods concerning the welfare and development of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.
  • 1983Reciprocity and redistribution inhibit social conflict in primitive society. Discuss.

Relevance in understanding of Contemporary society, Ethnicity, Nation-state · 7 questions

  • 2018Explain the impact of discovery of iron technology on contemporary society.
  • 2005Discuss the relationship of ethnicity and nation-state. ·.
  • 2004Write a note on Ethnic Conflict.
  • 2004Explain Fredrik Barth’s concept of ethnic boundaries. Explain its distinction from cultural content.
  • 2002Write a note on Nation State.
  • 2002What is ethnicity? Does ethnicity add to conflicts and tensions in the society? Illustrate.
  • 1993Write a note on Nation building processes in new states.

Paper II

Anthropology Optional Paper II PYQs: Indian Anthropology

Tap a unit to open its full question list, grouped by sub-topic and sorted newest first.

Unit 01 · Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization · 142 questions

142 questions · 68 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

1.1 Evolution of Indian culture and civilization

Notes: Prehistoric India · Indus Civilization · Tribal Contributions to Indian Civilization

90 questions

  • 2026What are the evidences available regarding crops and domesticated animals of Indus Valley Civilization? What are the views of the scholars regarding Indus script?
  • 2026Make a critical appraisal of the mesolithic culture of Ganga basin with reference to artifacts, faunal and human skeletal remains excavated from different sites.
  • 2025Write notes on: ‘Soanian cultural’ tradition.
  • 2025Describe the distinctive features and distribution of Upper Palaeolithic of India.
  • 2025Write notes on: Lothal dockyard and international trade relations.
  • 2024Critically describe evidences from Rakhi Garhi and its linkages to Harappan civilization.
  • 2024Describe the important Paleolithic sites from South India with suitable examples. What is the significance of South Indian Paleolithic cultures?
  • 2024Write notes on: Origin of State Societies.
  • 2023Write notes on: Material culture and archaeology.
  • 2023Write notes on: Prehistoric rock arts from Uttarakhand.
  • 2023“The Indus Valley was the first settlement of the big civilization.” Comment Critically.
  • 2023Was Mesolithic culture the first step towards sedentary way of life? Illustrate your answer by citing suitable examples.
  • 2022Write notes on: Pit-dwellers of Kashmir.
  • 2022Make a critical appraisal of Megalithic tradition in India with special reference to North-East India.
  • 2022Describe briefly the proto-history of Gujarat. Discuss the significance of Gujarat proto-history in international trade.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Harappan seals” in about 150 words.
  • 2021Critically discuss the origin of Indus Valley Civilization. Mention the evidences of its endogenous origin from the pre-Harappan sites.
  • 2021Give the distribution and characteristic features of Upper Paleolithic culture in India.
  • 2020Discuss the characteristic features of ‘Neolithic culture’ in India.
  • 2019Describe the Palaeolithic culture with special reference to Soanian tradition. Indicate the problems of describing the Indian Palaeolithic.
  • 2019What kind of society may be reconstructed from the archaeological evidences of Harappan culture ?
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Distribution of Neolithic sites in India.
  • 2018Explain the contribution of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
  • 2018Examine the regional variations of mesolithic cultures of India.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Neolithic cultures of South India.
  • 2017Describe the salient features of chalcolithic cultures of the Deccan.
  • 2017Describe various aspects of trade and religion of Harappan civilization.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Significance of Mesolithic findings from Belan Valley.
  • 2016Give a detailed appraisal of skeletal remains from Chalcolithic culture of undivided Punjab.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on South Indian Paleoliths.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Prehistoric Rock Art of Central India.
  • 2015Discuss the significance of Harappan Civilization sites from India.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Neolithic cultures of N-E India.
  • 2014Describe what is known of Harappan Religion. Have some of its elements continued into later Hinduism? Discuss.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words : Discuss salient features of Mesolithic culture in India with special reference to western India.
  • 2013Indian Paleolithic culture can neither be conceived chronologically homogeneous nor as a uniform cultural homogeneous nor as a uniform cultural phase. Discuss. (250 words).
  • 2013Discuss the contributions of H.D. Sankalia to prehistoric anthropology in lndia. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Palaeolithic Art.
  • 2012Compare the salient features and distribution of the Mid.die Palaeolithic and Upper Palaeolithic cultures in India. Add a note on the tool traditions of the Upper Palaeolithic period.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Iron Age in Gangetic region.
  • 2011Describe the characteristic features of Mesolithic Cultures in India.
  • 2011Discuss the significance of Sohan in Indian Prehistory.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Neolithic culture in India.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Urban planning in Harappan culture.
  • 2010Comment in detail on the socio-cultural life of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • 2010Examine Gordon Childe’s statement, “Neolithic culture is a revolution”.
  • 2009Examine the contribution of Mesolithic culture to rise of Neolithic culture.
  • 2008Write a note on ‘Langhnaj’
  • 2007Write a note on Neolithic Culture.
  • 2006Write a note on Burzahom.
  • 2006Write a note on Initial period of Tribal Studies in India.
  • 2005Write a note on Mesolithic culture in India.
  • 2005Discuss the economic basis of Indus Civilisation. What were the factors of its decline ?
  • 2004Write a note on Typo-technology of Indian Palaeolithic Culture.
  • 2003Write a note on Town planning in Indus cultures.
  • 2003Critically ‘examine the contributions of tribal cultures to the development of Vedic culture.
  • 2002Name a few Chalcolithic sites in India and describe their most salient features.
  • 2001Write a note on Ecological adaptation during Mesolithic.
  • 2001Write a note on Traditional culture as concept.
  • 2001Critically examine evidence of Upper Paleolithic in India. Discuss its characteristics.
  • 2000Write a note on Criteria of civilization.
  • 2000Describe the geographical spread of Indus valley civilization. What were the causes of its decline ?
  • 1999Write a note on Proto-Neolithic.
  • 1999Critically examine various sources of India’s culture and civilization. Also distinguish between primary and secondary civilization.
  • 1998Describe the socio-cultural characteristics of the Neolithic period in India with suitable examples.
  • 1997Write a note on Dating methods in Prehistory.
  • 1997Describe the distinguishing characteristic features of South Indian Megaliths and compare these with either Central Indian or North-eastern Indian Megaliths.
  • 1997Write a note on Components of cultures and its link with civilization.
  • 1996Write a note on Neolithic tool typology and technology of fabrication.
  • 1996Discuss the cultural characteristics of Upper Palaeolithic period. Indicate. Its genesis and development in Indian context pointing to distribution and chronology.
  • 1995Bring out the salient features of Lower Palaeolithic Culture complex in the Peninsular and extra Peninsular India.
  • 1994Write a note on Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • 1994Point out the salient features of Middle Palaeolithic industries and their makers. Illustrate your answer with examples from India.
  • 1993To what extent could the Mesolithic culture be attributed to a phase of transition between Palaeolithic and Neolithic cultures? Illustrate the answer with apt. examples.
  • 1992Describe the salient features of the Neolithic culture of the Indian subcontinent.
  • 1991Discuss the nature of urbanization in the Indus Valley Civilization. What factors led to its decline ?
  • 1990What are the important features of Indus Valley Civilization? Examine the conditions that may have led to urbanization in the Indian region.
  • 1989Write a note on Indus Valley Civilization is regarded as the beginning of urban life of India. Discuss.
  • 1989Discuss the stratigraphic and chronological position of the Middle Stone Age industries in India and describe their significant features.
  • 1988India’s protohistoric civilization is unique in the world. Discuss.
  • 1987Bring out the features which make the Indian palaeolithic complex distinctive.
  • 1986What is meant by Neolithic Revolution ? What kind of evidence do we get about  Neolithic revolution in india.
  • 1985What are the main features of Mesolithic cultures in general ? What do you know about the origin and distribution of Mesolithic cultures in India ?
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Neolithic revolution in India.
  • 1984Place the Soan culture in the palaeolithic chronology in India and point out how it is distinguished from the Madrasian culture.
  • 1983What are the important features of mesolithic phase of Indian prehistory ?).
  • 1982What are the main achievements of Indian civilization in the protohistoric period ?
  • 1982Examine the evidence of upper paleolithic cultures in different regions of India. ·.
  • 1981Write a note on Correlation between major environmental changes and cultural stages during pleitocene period in N.W. India. (200 words).
  • 1981Write a note on the economic bases of Indus civilization. (200 words).

1.2 Palaeo-anthropological evidences from India

Notes: Palaeo-anthropological Evidences from India

22 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Seed Eaters Model of hominid differentiation.
  • 2026Write notes on: Debate regarding the phylogenetic position of Narmada Man.
  • 2025Discuss the palaeoanthropological significance of Siwaliks of India giving its subdivisions, fossil primate fauna and major primate fossil localities.
  • 2025Write notes on: Taxonomic status of Ramapithecus in the light of Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus controversy.
  • 2023Write notes on: Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus debate.
  • 2023“Siwalik deposits show a variety of Neogene fossil primates.” Critically examine.
  • 2022What are the arguments for excluding Narmada Man from Homo erectus category?
  • 2021Discuss the morphological features and phylogenetic position of Ramapithecus.
  • 2020Write short note on the ‘Narmada’ Man In about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Phylogenetic position and morphological features of Ramapithecus.
  • 2018Describe the salient features of Sivapithecus.
  • 2017Describe the salient features of Ramapithecus.
  • 2016Delineate the salient characteristics of ‘Narmada Man’ and examine itsphylogenetic significance.
  • 2015Describe the paleoanthropological fossil finds from Siwalik hills. Examine the contribution of Siwalik fossils to paleoanthropological knowledge.
  • 2014Describe the evolutionary significance of the fossil finds of the Narmada Basin.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words : Examine the debates related to Ramapithecus.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Narmada Man.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Soan culture.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Sivapithecus.
  • 2009Write a note on Importance of the Siwaliks in Anthropology.
  • 2008Write a note on Paleoanthropological significance of Narmada Man.
  • 1993Write a note on Homo erectus narmadenis.

1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India

Notes: Ethno-archaeology in India

30 questions

  • 2026Discuss with examples, how general comparative analogy has been used for ethnoarchaeological studies in India.
  • 2024Write notes on: Agricultural practices of the Apatani.
  • 2024Write notes on: Artisan tribes of Jharkhand.
  • 2020Write short note on the Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote to Indian Archaeology in about 150 words.
  • 2020Write short note on the Debates on ‘Aryan’ invasion in about 150 words.
  • 2020Discuss the contribution of V. N. Misra to Archaeological Anthropology in India.
  • 2020Discuss the importance of Ethnoarchaeology in reconstructing the Past citing Indian examples.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Ethno-archaeological analysis of hunting activities of contemporary tribal communities.
  • 2019What are the salient issues faced by pastoral communities in India ? Discuss with suitable examples.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Ethnoarchaeology as a research strategy.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Ethno-archaeology.
  • 2017Discuss the relevance of art and craft traditions in the understanding of Indian archaeology.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Ethnoarchaeological evidences for the survival of hunting-gathering traditions in India.
  • 2014Discuss the importance of the ethno-archaeological approach to the study of indigenous craft in India.
  • 2013Discuss alternatives for shifting cultivators in the context of ecological costs and humanistic concerns.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Future of Hunting and Gathering Tribes.
  • 2009Write a note on New Archaeology.
  • 2008Write a note on Concept of Ethnoarchaeology.
  • 1998Write a note on Ethnographic profile of a matrilineal tribe in India.
  • 1997Write a note on Shifting cultivation, its merits and demerits.
  • 1996Write a note on Ethnographic profile of a polyandrous tribe.
  • 1993Write a note on Shifting cultivation in the context of land use pattern.
  • 1991Delineate the major social and cultural characteristics of Indian tribes at the hunting and food gathering stage.  How is their ecological adaptation reflected in the world-view ?
  • 1988Write a note on “Tribe” and “Caste” as closed ethnic groups.
  • 1986Give in detail the ethnographic profits of either a matrilineal or a polyandrous tribe of India.
  • 1986Write a note on Hunting and foodgathering tribes of India.
  • 1985Write a note on Peasant society.
  • 1985Write a note on Pastoralism.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Shifting cultivation of different geophysical contexts.
  • 1981Write a note on Food gatherers among Indian tribe. (200 words).
Unit 02 · Demographic Profile of India · 65 questions

65 questions · 22 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Demographic profile of India

Notes: Ethnic and Linguistic Elements of India · Indian Population Structure and Growth

65 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Dravidian language family and its tribal speakers.
  • 2026Why the classifications of Indian populations, based on somatometric and somatoscopic characteristics failed to develop a common understanding of the population diversity?
  • 2025Delineate the major features of S. S. Sarkar’s classification of Indian populations. Was his classification better than Risley? Explain.
  • 2025Elucidate the role of demographic and social factors for population growth in India.
  • 2024What are the demographic challenges of India’s changing population dynamics in the next 50 years?
  • 2023Critically compare Risley’s and Sarkar’s approaches to the classification of peoples of India.
  • 2023Write notes on: Dravidian languages and their subgroups.
  • 2023Discuss the distribution of tribes in different geographical regions of India. Identify the distinct institutional features of tribal societies of these regions.
  • 2022Describe the methods adopted by Sir Herbert Hope Risley in classifying Indian populations. What are the criticisms against Risley’s classification?
  • 2022Write notes on: Safeguards for linguistic minorities in India.
  • 2022Write notes on: Austroasiatic languages.
  • 2021Delineate the factors influencing fertility in Indian population.
  • 2020Write short note on the Dravidian languages in about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Distribution of Tibeto-Burman group of languages in India.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Endangered languages.
  • 2018What are the various factors influencing population growth in India? Discuss.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Austro-asiatic linguistic groups in India.
  • 2017Give your assessment of the reasons for the imbalance in the sex-ratio in India.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Linguistic elements in Indian population.
  • 2015Briefly describe the classical models of ethnic and linguistic classification ofIndian population. Discuss its relevance today.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Major linguistic divisions of India.
  • 2014Outline the distribution of Dravidian languages in India and describe their cultural significance.
  • 2012Briefly comment on the linkage between: (i) Gender and Customary Law (ii) Gender and Caste ….
  • 2011Describe the linguistic elements in Indian population.
  • 2010Discuss the relevance of Guha’s racial classification in the context of India’s ethnic groups.
  • 2010Critically examine the factors responsible for the high population growth in India and suggest suitable measures for population control.
  • 2008Write a note on The distribution of Indo:-Aryan Languages.
  • 2008Write a note on Mediterranean Element in Indian Population.
  • 2008Is Risley’s Racial Classification of Indian Population valid ?
  • 2007Describe ethnic elements in the Indian population focussing either on Risley’s or Guha’s classification.
  • 2006Write in brief ‘Population Growth in India indicating causes and measures of its control’
  • 2006Write a note on Linguistic distribution of Indian Population.
  • 2004Write a note on Demographic transition in India.
  • 2004Bring out the interrelationship between population growth and development in the Indian context.
  • 2002Write a note on Age specific and sex specific mortality rates and dependent factor.
  • 2000Write a note on Negrito elements in India.
  • 1999Point out the salient features of traditional joint family system in India. Trace causes for its disintegration in recent decades.
  • 1997Critically evaluate the Indian Population Policies. Suggest appropriate measures for its improvement.
  • 1996Write a note on Child mortality in rural India.
  • 1996Discuss the major linguistic divisions in the Indian population. Also point out the role of language in ethno-political movements.
  • 1995Write a note on Social implication of sex-ratio in Indian population.
  • 1993Write a note on Caste bound occupations vis-a-vis urban populations.
  • 1993What are the major linguistic families in India ? Identify such families, showing the geographical distribution and the population groups under different families.
  • 1992Write a note on Joint family system ‘in india.
  • 1992Write a note on Controversy over the existence on Negrito racial strain in Indian population.
  • 1991Write a note on Critical approach of Guha’s classification of ethnic elements in Indian population.
  • 1990Write a note on Distribution of Dravidian family of languages in India.
  • 1989Write a note on : Guha’s classification on the ethnic composition of the people of India is not adequate. Comment.
  • 1989Write a note on Distribution of Austric family of languages in India.
  • 1989Write a note on Structure and function of Joint family.
  • 1988Write a note on racial elements among the Scheduled Tribes of India.
  • 1987Write a note on Nayar Tharavad and universality of the family.
  • 1987Write a note on Social elements in indian population.
  • 1987Write a note on Social elements in Indian population.
  • 1986Write a note on Joint family in modern India.
  • 1985Write a note on Monogoloid racial element in Indian population.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Linguistic diversity in india.
  • 1983Give an account of the distribution of blood group among Indian population. Is there a correlation between the distribution of blood groups and physical types ?
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words : Economic aspects of joint family.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words: Polyandrous family.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Matrilineal cultures in India.
  • 1982Discuss some of the  important_attempts to classify the racial elements in Indian population.
  • 1981Write a note on Distribution of Dravidian linguistic elements among Indian people. (200 words).
  • 1981Write a note on Controversy over the existence of Negrito racial strain in Indian population. (200 words).
  • 1981Distribution of polyandry in India. (200 words).
Unit 03 · Indian Social System and Caste · 126 questions

126 questions · 62 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

3.1 Traditional Indian social system

Notes: Traditional Indian Social System

27 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Varnashrama and its contemporary relevance.
  • 2023Write notes on: Interface between Purushartha and Ashrama.
  • 2023Write notes on: Karma and Rebirth.
  • 2022Write notes on: Varna and Buddhism.
  • 2022Write notes on: Dharma versus Religion.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Purushartha and righteous living today” in about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Use of doctrine of Karma and rebirth in justifying the Varna system.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Philosophy behind Purusharthas.
  • 2017Write notes on: Varnashram and the concept of Rina.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Philosophy behind Purushartha.
  • 2007Write a note on Purushartha.
  • 2006Write a note on Karma.
  • 2005Write a note on Varnashram.
  • 2004Trace the broad unifying features of the traditional Hindu society in the anthropological perspective.
  • 2003Write a note on Significance of Purushartha.
  • 2002Write a note on Concept of Rina Rebirth.
  • 2000Write a note on Concept of Karma in relation to caste.
  • 1998Discuss the basic of Indian Social System. Do you find any change today ?
  • 1997Write a note on Concept of rebirth in Hindu Social System.
  • 1997Write a note on Significance of Varna and Caste.
  • 1996Write a note on Importance of Karma in Hindu social system.
  • 1995Explain the concept of “Rina” according to the Hindu Scriptures. What were the mechanisms suggested by the scholars to reply the “Rinas” ?
  • 1994Write a note on Social Significance of Grihastha-ashram.
  • 1994Describe the major purusharthas according to Hindu scriptures and discuss the social significance of Harmonious management of ‘Trivarga’
  • 1987Write a note on Purushartha chatushtam.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Significance of Varna and Ashram as regulators of social life.
  • 1982Write a note on Varnashram dharma in 200 words.

3.2 Caste system in India

Notes: Caste System in India · Caste Dynamics

66 questions

  • 2026What are the major debates related to the concept of jajmani system?
  • 2026Does caste as a social category exist among the non-Hindu communities in India? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
  • 2026Make a critical appraisal of Surajit Sinha’s line of argument that tribes and castes may not be isolated social categories, but are a part of the great Indian civilization.
  • 2025Write notes on: Caste domination, factionalism and political power.
  • 2025What are the different types of caste mobility in India? Highlight the various factors responsible for it.
  • 2024Discuss the theories on origin of caste system and its criticism in India. Differentiate between caste, class and race.
  • 2023Write notes on: Jajmani system: continuity and change.
  • 2023“Tribes are backward Hindus.” Critically comment with reference to the contributions of G. S. Ghurye.
  • 2023Is caste mobility a recent phenomenon? Discuss in the light of Indological and Empirical context.
  • 2023Is annihilation of caste possible? Discuss the future of caste system in the light of various proactive measures taken by the Indian State.
  • 2022Critically describe Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s argument on the origin of Indian caste system.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Relevance of tribe – caste continuum” in about 150 words.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Caste and social capital” in about 150 words.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Factionalism and politics in rural India” in about 150 words.
  • 2020Discuss the characteristics of caste system in India.
  • 2020Write short note on the Concept of ‘Dominant’ caste in about 150 words.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on The Jajmani system and contemporary market economy.
  • 2018Based on historical and contemporary  evidences, discuss the future of caste system in India.
  • 2018Discuss the view that caste is not social stratification, but a system of hierarchy.
  • 2018Explain the significance of tribe-caste continuum in the present context.
  • 2017Discuss the impact of market economy  on the Jajmani system.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Relevance| of caste in contemporary Indian politics.
  • 2016Examine the structural and cultural theories of caste system in India.
  • 2016How is process of tribe-caste continuum different from Sanskritization? Comment.
  • 2015Critically examine the concept of tribe caste continuum and its relevance in contemporary India.
  • 2015What do you understand by dynamics of caste mobility ? How did the concept of Sanskritization contribute to its functionality ?
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on TribeCaste continuum.
  • 2014Do you think caste persists in contemporary India ? Critically discuss.
  • 2014Define the concept ‘Dominant Caste and examine its relevance in the contemporary Indian village with suitable examples.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on : Discuss how Louis Dumont explained caste system.
  • 2013What is Jajmani system ? Examine the views on Jajmani system as an egalitarian as well as exploitative system. Give reasons for its decline (375 words).
  • 2013Examine the criticisms on the concept of dominant caste. (250 words).
  • 2011Discuss the relevance of the concept Dominant Caste in the context of Contemporary Indian Society.
  • 2011Critically examine the theories of Origin of Castes.
  • 2010Examine the role of the caste system in the present political context.
  • 2010Is the present political system strengthening the caste system ? Discuss.
  • 2009Discuss the salient features of the prevalent hypotheses on the future of the caste system in India.
  • 2009Bring out the various features and the importance of the ‘dominant caste’
  • 2008Is Tribe-Caste Continuum a reality or myth ? Discuss.
  • 2007Write a note on Jajmani System.
  • 2004Write a note on Tribe-Caste Continuum.
  • 2003Write a note on Caste as a pattern of social stratification.
  • 2000Write a note on Tribe-caste continuum.
  • 2000Define the Jajmani system. Analyse the changes in the relationship between caste and occupation in contemporary rural society.
  • 1999Write a note on Dominant Caste.
  • 1998Write a note on Folk-Urban Continuum.
  • 1998Write a note on Jajmani System.
  • 1997Examine the role of joint family in Hindu social system and its impacts caste system.
  • 1995Write a note on; Distinguish between  varna and caste.
  • 1994Describe the tribe-caste continuum in India. Is this continuum relevant in Modern Indian society ?
  • 1992Write a note on Tribe caste continuum.
  • 1991Write a note on Concept of caste as a hierarchical system based on the opposition between ‘pure’ and ‘impure’
  • 1991What is the notion of ‘folk-urban continuum’ in the study of peasant society? Is it applicable to Indian conditions ?
  • 1990Write a note on Role of Dominant caste in the political institutions of a peasant village.
  • 1990Discuss the essential features of the caste system in India. Critically examine its role in the changing social context in contemporary times.
  • 1989Discuss the concept of social signification and comment on caste as a stratified system of interaction.
  • 1988Write a note on Concept of purity and the caste system.
  • 1988Discuss relationship between “dominant caste” and economic development” in  rural India.
  • 1987Write a note on Tribe-caste continuum.
  • 1986Write a note on Varna model of caste.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Distinction between tribe and caste.
  • 1984Examine the changes that have come about in caste system and joint family in modern India.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words : Inter-caste hierarchy in any region of India.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Concept of dominant caste and its relevance in the study of political processes.
  • 1981Discuss the inter-related concepts of Varna and Jati Caste. Do you agree with the view that in the context of existing realities in village India, it is the Caste that is important and not the Varna ?
  • Explain criteria for dominant caste. How far is this concept still crucial to our understanding of India’s villages after implementation of reservations in democratic institutions ? Discuss.

3.3 Sacred complex and nature-man-spirit complex

Notes: Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex

15 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Nature-Man-Spirit-Complex.
  • 2021Explain the impact of the concept of nature-man-spirit complex on sustainable use of natural resources with suitable examples.
  • 2018Critically examine the contributions of Makhan Jha and B.N. Saraswati to the study of sacred complexes in India.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Nature-man-spirit complex.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Sacred complex as a dimension of Indian civilization.
  • 2014Describe the concept of ‘Sacred Complex’ with an ethnographic example.
  • 2013Examine Nature – man – spirit complex as an ecological concept. (250 words).
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Sacred Geography.
  • 2009Write a note on Nature-Man-Spirit complex.
  • 2005Write a note on Sacred complex.
  • 2001Write a note on Nature-Man-Spirit complex.
  • 1999Write a note on Sacred Complex.
  • 1993Write a note on Basic principles concerned with nature-man-spirit complex.
  • 1990Write a note on Concept of sacred complex in the Indian Society.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words: Nature- man Spirit Complex.

3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity

Notes: Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity

18 questions

  • 2025Evaluate the impact of Christianity on Scheduled Tribe societies of North-East India.
  • 2024Write notes on: Syro-Malabar Christians.
  • 2024Elucidate the difference between secularism, religiosity, religious fundamentalism, and spiritualism from an anthropological perspective.
  • 2023Discuss the basic tenets of Jainism and its impact on Indian society.
  • 2023Write notes on: Religious pluralism and social solidarity.
  • 2022Critically examine ‘Indigenisation of Christianity’ in India.
  • 2020Discuss the impact of Islam on Indian Society.
  • 2019What has been the impact of non-Hindu religions on the emancipation of Schedule Castes in India ?
  • 2018Explain the impact of Buddhism and Jainism on Indian society.
  • 2017Explain how Buddhism influenced the economic and cultural transformations of Indian society.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Impact of Jainism on Indian society.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Islam and  Matriliny.
  • 2014Discuss the contribution of Islam to the composite culture of India.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Sufi tradition of Islam.
  • 2005Write a note on Impact of Islam on Indian society.
  • 2004Write a note on Buddhism, Christianity and Scheduled Castes.
  • 2003Evaluate the impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society and culture in anthropological terms.
  • 1998Account for the emergence of new religions in India in the 6th century B.C.
Unit 04 · Emergence and Growth of Anthropology in India · 51 questions

51 questions · 27 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

Emergence and growth of anthropology in India

Notes: Anthropology in India · Indian Anthropologists on Tribe and Caste

51 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Kumar Suresh Singh’s contribution in studying tribal movements.
  • 2026Write an account on the contribution of Verrier Elwin in developing policies for the tribal populations in post-independent India.
  • 2026Write notes on: Contribution of L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer in Anthropology.
  • 2026Assess the contribution of colonial scholars in studying the tribal populations of North-East India.
  • 2026Make a critical appraisal of Surajit Sinha’s line of argument that tribes and castes may not be isolated social categories, but are a part of the great Indian civilization.
  • 2025Highlight the significant contributions of B. S. Guha, Irawati Karve and S. R. K. Chopra to Indian Anthropology.
  • 2025Write notes on: Verrier Elwin’s philosophy with respect to Arunachal Pradesh.
  • 2024Deconstruct the colonial history of Indian Anthropology highlighting the critical role played by the Indian Anthropologists in sustaining its autonomy.
  • 2024Discuss the contribution of P. K. Bhowmick in decriminalising the status of the Lodha tribe.
  • 2023Critically evaluate the contributions of S. C. Roy to Indian anthropology.
  • 2022Illustrate the contribution of Irawati Karve to Indian Anthropology. Make a special mention of her literary contribution.
  • 2021Examine the contributions of S.C. Roy in highlighting the role of customary laws in tribal life.
  • 2021Discuss the contributions of N.K. Bose in understanding tribal communities and their place in Indian civilization.
  • 2020Write short note on the Contribution of K. S. Singh to Indian Anthropology in about 150 words.
  • 2019Give an account of the contributions of Iravati Karve and B.S. Guha to the  analysis of race and caste in India.
  • 2019Write about the role of colonial administration in the development of  Anthropology in India.
  • 2018Examine the colonial administrators view that Indian villages can be considered as ‘little republics’
  • 2018Compare and contrast the economic typology of tribes given by different anthropologists.
  • 2018Discuss the contribution of S. C. Roy in  the study of tribal cultures in India.
  • 2017Discuss the contribution of Nirmal Kumar Bose to the understanding of Indian society.
  • 2016Write about the contribution made by Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf to tribal anthropology in India.
  • 2016Compare the contribution of L.P. Vidyarthi and D.N. Majumdar to the study of Indian tribes.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Elwin Ghurye Debate on Tribes.
  • 2015Discuss the contribution of M.N. Srinivas to the study of Indian society. Examine the influence of British social anthropologists on his ideas.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Contribution of H. H. Risley to the Aryan’ debate.
  • 2014Discuss the contributions of S.C. Roy to understanding the tribes of India.
  • 2013Examine anthropological contributions dealing with tribes and Indian civilization. (375 words).
  • 2012Trace the trajectory of encyclopaedic work on tribes and castes of South India With special reference to Ananthakrishna Iyer’s contribution.
  • 2012Compare the contributions of S.C. Roy and Verrier Elwin to tribal ethnographies in India.
  • 2011Evaluate the contribution of American anthropologists to Indian anthropology.
  • 2011Assess the contribution of Verrier Elwin to Indian anthropology.
  • 2010Assess the contributions of M.N. Srinivas towards Indian Anthropology in general. Add a note on his understanding in the context of studying social mobility in India.
  • 2009Write a brief note on the contributions of Prof. L. P. Vidyarthi in the field of anthropology.
  • 2007Highlight the contributions of Indian anthropologists in the understanding of tribal life.
  • 2006Write a note on N.K. Bose’s contribution to Indian Anthropology.
  • 2006Briefly discuss the contribution of Indian anthropologists during 20th century.
  • 2005Give an account of the contributions of Indian scholars in the growth and development of Anthropology in India  in early 20 th century.
  • 2002Write a note on K.S. Singh’s project on the People of India.
  • 2002Critically examine the contributions of some of the British scholar  administrators to Indian anthropology,.
  • 2001Write a note on S.C. Roy’s contributions to anthropology.
  • 1998Write a note on V. Elwin and his contributions contributions.
  • 1997Assess the growth and development of Anthropology in India. Illustrate the contributions of early twentieth century Anthropologists in Tribal and Caste studies.
  • 1996Estimate the contributions of S.C. Roy  in the field of ethnography and his influence on the growth of Anthropology in India.
  • 1995Write a note on Maler’s perception of the habitat.
  • 1995Discuss the major contributions of von Furer Haimendorf to Indian Anthropology.
  • 1994Give a brief summary on the growth of Indian Anthropology indicating the factors responsible and the results achieved.
  • 1993Critically discuss the major anthropological contributions in the study of Indian tribal population.
  • 1992Write a note on Distinctive features in the growth of Indian Anthropology.
  • 1990Discuss the major concept and approaches employed by the Anthropologists in the study of peasant society in India.
  • 1987Briefly describe the highpoints in the growth of Indian anthropology and evaluate the contributions made either by D.N. Majumdar or Verrier Elwin.
  • 1985Write an essay on the growth of Anthropology in India.
Unit 05 · Indian Village and Social Change · 107 questions

107 questions · 52 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

5.1 Indian village

Notes: Indian Village

36 questions

  • 2026Critically examine the salience of F. G. Bailey’s study on Bisipara village of Odisha.
  • 2025“The village was not merely a place where people lived; it had a design in which were reflected the basic values of Indian civilization.” Who said this? Elaborate.
  • 2024Write notes on: Digitisation of rural economy.
  • 2024Compare and contrast the approaches of M. N. Srinivas and L. P. Vidyarthi to social change in village India.
  • 2023Write notes on: Village as little republic.
  • 2022Assess the contributions of S. C. Dube in Indian village studies.
  • 2022“Globalisation, on one hand, has provided opportunities and on the other hand thrown challenges to Indian villages.” Elucidate.
  • 2021Examine how structural transformation in economy is affecting traditional social relationships in agrarian society.
  • 2020Write short note on the ‘Khap’ Panchayat in about 150 words.
  • 2020Discuss the impact of Globalization on Indian villages.
  • 2020Describe the different settlement patterns in rural India.
  • 2019Discuss the impact of media on the social life of Indian villages.
  • 2019Identify the theoretical concepts that have emerged out of village studies in India.
  • 2019Describe the impact of industrialization on the economic and social aspects of India’s villages.
  • 2018Discuss the impact of market economy on rural villages.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Agrarian social structure.
  • 2017Give a critical evaluation of any one anthropological village study in India.
  • 2016Describe the traditional patterns of settlement of Indian villages.
  • 2016Explain Indian village as a social system with suitable examples.
  • 2015Discuss the impact of globalization on village economy in India.
  • 2015Examine the contribution of village studies towards the understanding of Indian social system.
  • 2013Indian farmers are not slow to react to economic opportunities. – Discuss this statement. (250 words).
  • 2012How has globalisation impact agrarian relations in the last two decades ?
  • 2010Discuss the contributions of S.C. Dube towards the understanding of the Indian village.
  • 2009Describe the significant contributions of village studies in Indian in the understanding of social transformations.
  • 2004Write a note on Globalisation and  Indian peasantry.
  • 2004Analyse how the village studies contributed in understanding the Indian Social System.
  • 2002What do you understand by Green Revolution ? What are its economic and ecological dimensions ?
  • 2002Write a note on village studies in India.
  • 2001Evaluate various changes in social organization of India’s villages due to impinging pressures of the market economy on them.
  • 1998‘Village studies are crucial in the understanding of Indian life and culture.’ Who were the pioneer anthropologists undertake such studies ? Give a comprehensive picture of any one of them.
  • 1991Write a note on Form of labour bondage in Indian agriculture.
  • 1991Write a note on Problem of shifting cultivation in Indian tribes.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Cultural parochialization in village India.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Distinctive features of peasant society.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Impact of industrialization on simple societies.

5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities

Notes: Linguistic and Religious Minorities in India

22 questions

  • 2025Define minority. Elaborate the patterns of linguistic and religious minorities in India.
  • 2025Trace the history and describe the methods of formulating the lists of OBCs, both at the State and National levels.
  • 2024Write notes on: Constitutional Safeguards for Backward Classes.
  • 2023How are Other Backward Classes identified? Enumerating the important features, elucidate the recent changes in their social and economic life.
  • 2022Write notes on: Safeguards for linguistic minorities in India.
  • 2021Delineate the constitutional safeguard for religious minorities in India.
  • 2020Write short note on the Linguistic minorities in India in about 150 words.
  • 2020What are the Social and Political problems of religious minorities in  India ?
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on OBCs among non-Hindu communities.
  • 2017Discuss the social, political and economic status of Muslims in India.
  • 2015Discuss the problems faced by religious minorities in India.
  • 2015Critically examine the concept of communalism and its relevance for multi-religious and multiethnic polity of India.
  • 2013Discuss the significance of study of religious centers to the understanding  of Indian civilization. (250 words).
  • 2012Critically examine the prevalence of caste ideology among religious minorities in the Indian context.
  • 2012Critically examine the ‘book view’ and the ‘field view’ of social reality.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Factors contributing to communalism.
  • 2007What are the issues and socio-economic problems arising out of being a religious minority ? Discuss.
  • 2005Linguistic and religious minorities are particularly vulnerable to political manipulations. Comment.
  • 2003Discuss the socio-economic status of religious minorities in India. Identify their role in politics.
  • 2000Distinguish between the characteristics and problems of linguistic and religious minorities in India. Give examples of conflicts generated by such considerations and steps to resolve them.
  • 1993Write a note on Special provisions for minorities.
  • 1991Write a note on ‘the state should protect the personal laws of religious minorities. Discuss with reference to the problems of national integration’

5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change

Notes: Sanskritization, Westernization and Modernization · Little and Great Traditions, Panchayati Raj and Media

49 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Characteristics and communication between Little and Great Traditions.
  • 2023“Sanskritization is a culture-bound concept.” Critically comment to assess the strength and limitation of this concept in developing a theoretical framework to study social change.
  • 2022Write notes on: Westernisation and Modernisation.
  • 2021Discuss the role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in transforming traditional power hierarchy in rural India.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Ethnic media and social awareness” in about 150 words.
  • 2020Write short note on Concept of Sanskritisation.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Panchayati  Raj as a facilitator of social inclusion in  rural society.
  • 2019Discuss how the elements of Little and Great Traditions combine in the emergence of social/political/religious movements, giving any one example to illustrate the issue.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Modernization.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on The impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas.
  • 2017Discuss the impact of media as an instrument of social change.
  • 2017Discuss the impact of Panchayati Raj institution on the empowerment of rural women in India.
  • 2016Examine the nature of interplay of little and great traditions in the context of globalization.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Panchayati Raj Institutions and Social Change.
  • 2015Examine the social implications of media and communication technology.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Great tradition and Little tradition.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Role of Gramsabha under PESA.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Critique of the concept of Great and Little Tradition.
  • 2011“Modernity has entered Indian character and society, but it has done so through assimilation not replacement.” Discuss.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Universalization and Parochialization.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Panchayati Raj and the tribes.
  • 2009Write a note on Sanskritization.
  • 2009What are the various exogenous processes of socio-cultural changes in Indian Society ?
  • 2008Critically examine the concepts of Little and Great Traditions for understanding the Indian Villages.
  • 2005Write a note on Panchayati Raj.
  • 2002Write a note on Sanskritisation and Westernisation.
  • 1999Write a note on Great Traditions.
  • 1999Distinguish between sanskritization and desanskritization. Critically examine impact of sanskritization on social mobility in India.
  • 1998Discuss the impact of modernization of the tribal and rural people in India.
  • 1996Write a note on Little and Great traditions.
  • 1994Write a note on Cultural change-enforced and induced.
  • 1994Do you think that the process of Sanskritization leads to any structural changes in the society ? Discuss with reference to the modern Indian society.
  • 1992Write a note on Sanskritization as a mode of social change.
  • 1992Discuss in what way the study of Great tradition and Little tradition is essential for understanding the cultural processes of Indian civilization.
  • 1991Write a note on Relationship between Sanskritization and Westernization as processes of sociocultural change.
  • 1990Write a note on Sanskritization as a factor of social change among the scheduled castes in India.
  • 1989Write a note on : Are the socio cultural factors which justify calling an area underdeveloped? Elaborate.
  • 1989Write a note on : The study of Great tradition and Little tradition is essential for understanding Indian Civilization. Discuss.
  • 1989Make a distinction between sociocultural change and technological change. Indicate how technological development bring about changes in other aspects of culture.
  • 1987“Tradition is a single unbroken chain.” Discuss this statement throwing light I on the relevance of the use of the term Great Tradition and Little Tradition in India in the fields of (a) religion, (b)kinship and (c) agriculture.
  • 1986Write a note on Little tradition.
  • 1986Discuss how the concepts of Sanskritization and Westernization. Explain the processes of change in Indian society and culture.
  • 1985Write a note on Universalization.
  • 1984Discuss in what way the study of Great tradition and Little tradition is essential for understanding the cultural processes of Indian civilization.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words : Little traditions and their significance.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words : Sanskritization as a mode of social change.
  • 1983Assess the nature of social change in India since Independence, specially pertaining to the main institutions of the society.
  • 1981Explain with the help of suitable examples how great and little traditions interact with each other in Indian society.
  • 1981Describe the different forms and proces of sanskritization and assess the overal impact of this phenomenon on caste structure in India.
Unit 06 · Tribal Situation in India · 154 questions

154 questions · 55 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

6.1 Tribal situation in India

Notes: Tribal Situation in India

43 questions

  • 2025Critically examine the concept of Scheduled Tribe (ST) and mention the limitations of administrator’s criteria.
  • 2025Write notes on: Tribalism and Pseudotribalism.
  • 2025Describe the nature of traditional socioeconomic interdependence among the Toda, Kota, Kurumba and Irula tribes of Nilgiri Hills. Highlight the changes occurring in these interrelationships.
  • 2024Write notes on: Artisan tribes of Jharkhand.
  • 2023Discuss the distribution of tribes in different geographical regions of India. Identify the distinct institutional features of tribal societies of these regions.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Cultural diversity and multiculturalism” in about 150 words.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Concept of tribe and Indian census” in about 150 words.
  • 2020Elucidate the linguistic classification of Indian tribes.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Distinctive cultural features of tribes of Andaman islands.
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Youth Dormitory as an institution.
  • 2016Discuss how cultural diversity of Indian tribes has enriched its plural traditions.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Biogenetic variability of Indian tribes.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Socioeconomic characteristics of shifting cultivators.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Biogenetic variations of Indian tribes.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Social and economic marginalization of tribal people.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Threat to tribal languages in India.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Linguistic classification of Indian tribes.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Youth Dormitory.
  • 2012Discuss the concept of ‘indigenous people’ as per the relevant UN convention. Are tribals of India indigenous people ? Comment.
  • 2012Using ethnographic examples, point out how gender relations have changed over time among Central Indian tribes.
  • 2012Discuss the linkages between language, territoriality and kinship among the  tribes of North-East India.
  • 2011Discuss the distinctive features of tribal in North-east India.
  • 2011“Tribes in India are not homogeneous group.” Discuss.
  • 2009Write a brief note on the linguistic diversity among Indian tribes.
  • 2008Write a note on Tribes as Indigenous Cultures.
  • 2007Do you think that Indian tribes have rich biogenetic variability ? Discuss.
  • 2006Write a note on Key characteristics of the Scheduled Tribes in India.
  • 2006Discuss bio-morphological variation among the tribals of Northeastern India.
  • 2005Write a note on Genetic diversity among Indian tribes.
  • 2003Write a note on Tribe and peasant similarities and differences.
  • 2003Write a note on Biogenetic variability in tribal population.
  • 2002Write a note on Linguistic diversity among the tribes of Chhota Nagpur.
  • 2001Write a note on Scheduled Area.
  • 1992Give in detail the ethnographic profile of polyandrous tribe in India.
  • 1989Write a note on Tribal Youth Dormitories.
  • 1988Write a note on Migration as a means of socio-economic mobility in tribal society.
  • 1987Briefly describe the linguistic and socioeconomic characteristics of the triba peoples either (a) of Central India including the Chota Nagpur plateau or (b) of North East India.
  • 1986Write a note on Languages spoken by the scheduled tribes.
  • 1985Describe the racial, linguistic and socioeconomic characteristics of a tribe either of Central India or of South India.
  • 1985Write a note on Role of dormitory in tribal life.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Racial affinity of Indian tribes.
  • 1984Write an ethnographic profile in detail about any one Indian tribe you are aware of.
  • 1981Write a note on Youth dormitary in a Central Indian tribe. (200 words).

6.2 Problems of tribal communities

Notes: Problems of Tribal Communities

50 questions

  • 2026Write an account on the prevalence of sickle cell disease among the tribal populations of India. What are the initiatives undertaken by the affected states to tackle with this disease?
  • 2026What are the major challenges tribal communities are facing in contemporary India?
  • 2025Examine the environmental and biocultural factors influencing the health of tribals of India.
  • 2024Write notes on: Causes of stunting and wasting among tribal children.
  • 2024Custodians of natural resources are the tribals, but they are the most deprived. Critically examine how climate change will impact their survival in future.
  • 2024Discuss the economic, social, and developmental impacts on tribal communities with special reference to mining.
  • 2022Write notes on: Issues of tribal agricultural labourers.
  • 2022Write notes on: Major problems of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups.
  • 2022Discuss the issues and solutions related to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe populations in India.
  • 2022Explain how British policies impacted the major resources of the tribals.
  • 2021Elucidate the problems and challenges in educational attainment of the Scheduled Tribes.
  • 2021Examine the factors responsible for malnutrition in tribal India and suggest interventions required to overcome the problem.
  • 2020Elucidate the problems of land alienation among the tribals of India.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Issues relating to tribal education.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Indebtedness among tribal communities.
  • 2017Describe the impact of displacement on the health and nutritional status of tribal communities.
  • 2015Discuss how constitutional provisions in India have built-in mechanisms for dealing with the problem of land alienation in tribal areas.
  • 2015Discuss the sociocultural, economic and psychological constraints responsible for low literacy in tribal areas.
  • 2014Discuss the impact of land alienation on the tribes of Central India.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Education and health among tribal women.
  • 2010“Land and forest are the twin problems  of the tribes.” Explain.
  • 2010Discuss the relevance of traditional wisdom and knowledge of the tribes with reference to health in the present day context.
  • 2010Critically examine the various structural constraints in the educational development of Scheduled Tribes.
  • 2009Write a note on Indebtedness in Tribal Communities.
  • 2008Discuss the health problems faced by tribal populations in India. Suggest some corrective measures.
  • 2007Write a note on Land Alienation.
  • 2005Discuss the factors related to low literacy rate among the tribals of India. Write in brief the measures taken by the government in different five-year plans to eradicate it.
  • 2003Write a note on Constraints of educational development among the tribals.
  • 2003Write a note on Land alienation among the tribals.
  • 2000Write a note on The problems of denotified groups.
  • 1999Write a note on Land Alienation in tribal India.
  • 1999Bring out, with suitable examples, the constraints of educational development of tribal communities in India. Suggest remedial measures in this context.
  • 1998Discuss the health and nutritional status of tribal and rural children in India. How far has the government policy been effective ?
  • 1996Distinguish among nutrition, food and diet. Comment on the nutritional status of the tribes with subsistence economy in the form of hunting-gathering, shifting cultivation and settled agriculture in India.
  • 1995Describe the socio-cultural factors related to the poor health conditions of the Indian tribal population. Suggest measures for improving these conditions.
  • 1994Write a note on Factors responsible for tribal migration and its consequences.
  • 1993Write a note on Tribal education.
  • 1992Write a note on Indebtedness and land alienation among Indian tribes.
  • 1992What are the major problems of the tribes in India ? Evaluate the measures adopted by the Central and State Governments in India to solve these problems.
  • 1990Write a note on Transfer and alienation of tribal land.
  • 1990Discuss the anthropological approach to the understanding of the tribal ethos and comment on the major socioeconomic problems of Indian tribes.
  • 1989Discuss major problems of the tribes of India. Make a critical evaluation of the measures adopted by the Central and State Govt, in India to solve these problems and account for their limited success.
  • 1988Write a note on Common Property Resources in tribal villages.
  • 1988Write a note on Elites and alienation in tribal society.
  • 1988Discuss the special problems of shifting cultivators or of hunting food gathering tribes.
  • 1986Write a note on Indebtedness and land alienation among Indian tribes.
  • 1986Define untouchability and point out whether the problems of its removal should be treated as a matter of social reform rather than as part of administrative and legal measures.
  • 1983Write a note in 200 words : Indebtedness and land alienation among Indian tribes.
  • 1983Discuss the isolationist and assimilationist approaches to the tribal problems, showing their respective merits and demerits.
  • 1981Identify the main type of problems that arise out of contacts between tribal people and more advanced sections of Indian population. What measures do you suggest to mitigate the same ?

6.3 Development projects, displacement, forest policy, urbanisation and industrialisation

Notes: Development Projects and Tribal Displacement · Forest Policy, Urbanization and Industrialization

57 questions

  • 2026Make a critical appraisal of Niyamgiri movement against mining-induced displacement.
  • 2025Write notes on: Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal communities of India.
  • 2024Examine the impact of Forest Policies from 1878 to 2006 on land alienation and deprivation of rights of tribal communities in India.
  • 2024Discuss the economic, social, and developmental impacts on tribal communities with special reference to mining.
  • 2023Critically examine how the displacement of tribal communities due to hydroelectric river dam projects has affected the women in local context. Illustrate with suitable ethnographic examples.
  • 2022How can a balance be struck between livelihood concern and environmental degradation in the context of shifting cultivation?
  • 2021Write short notes on “Urbanization and tribal institutions” in about 150 words.
  • 2021Explain the impact of successive Land Acquisition Acts on tribal social organization.
  • 2021Discuss the problems involved in rehabilitation and resettlement of tribals displaced due to development projects in India.
  • 2020Explain the impact of developmentinduced displacement among the tribal people in India with suitable examples.
  • 2019What has been the impact of development projects on the environment and livelihood of forestdwelling tribes ?
  • 2018Examine the advancement made in the land acquisition and rehabilitation Act of 2013 over the Land acquisition Act  of 1894.
  • 2018Discuss the significance and implementation of ‘Recognition of  Forest Right’s Act 2006’
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Impact of industrialization on scheduled tribe population of Jharkhand.
  • 2016Explain the difficulties experienced by scheduled tribes with regard to implementation of the ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006’
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Forest policy and tribes.
  • 2014Discuss the impact of Globalization on the livelihood of the tribal populations.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Impacts of sanctuaries and national park on tribal populations.
  • 2012Critically examine the National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement substantiating it with experiences from different parts of India.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Forest Rights Act – 2006.
  • 2011Discuss the problem of displaced tribal communities with the help of recent examples.
  • 2011Discuss the impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on tribal women.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on Tribal displacement.
  • 2009Critically examine the evolution of Forest policy in India since the British period. Discuss its impact on tribals of India.
  • 2007Write a note on Impact of Industrialization on Tribals.
  • 2007Illustrate, with suitable examples, the impact of development programmes on  tribal and weaker sections.
  • 2006Write a note on Joint Forest Management.
  • 2006Discuss the impact of the Forest Rights Act on the livelihood and culture of tribal people in India. (2021).
  • 2005Examine the impact of urbanization and industrialisation on tribal economy in India.
  • 2004Write a note on Detribalization.
  • 2004Discuss the context, process and consequences of involuntary displacement among tribal communities in India and analyze the problems of rehabilitation.
  • 2003Discuss how forest is related to the tribal life. Critically examine how a change in forest policy and forest degradation have affected tribal economy.
  • 2001Indicate the main thrust of anthropological studies on development induced displacement and rehabilitation. Suggest a worthwhile rehabilitation package for displaced tribals to retain their sense of community-belonging.
  • 2001Write a note on Detribalization.
  • 2000Give an account of Joint Forest Management programmes. What is the role of NGOs in such programmes ?
  • 1999Write a note on Sustainable development.
  • 1999Critically examine the forest policy in India right since the British period. Discuss its impact on tribal people.
  • 1999Discuss the problem of tribal displacement in India. To what extent, are development policies responsible for such displacement ? Also explain the role of NGOs in providing the remedial measures to the affected people.
  • 1998Write a note on Social Forestry.
  • 1996Bring out the impact of industrialization on rural population in India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. Suggest appropriate measures for the solution of the problems encountered with.
  • 1996Write a note on Involvement of local communities in forest management.
  • 1995Write a note on Genesis of urbanization in India.
  • 1993How are the tribes in India dependent on forest? Make a comparative evaluation on malevolent and benevolent actions of the tribes on forest.
  • 1993Point out the favourable and detrimental impacts of industrialization on rural population, living in the vicinity areas. What are your proposals for achieving a balance without harmful effects?
  • 1992Write a note on ‘Land and forest’ are basic needs of tribals.
  • 1992Describe the traditional economy of the Indian tribal communities and show how changes have come in it due to impact of Industrialization.
  • 1991Write a note on Effects of governmental policy regarding forests on Indian tribes.
  • 1991Write a note on ‘Push’ and ‘Puli’ factors in rural-urban migration.
  • 1990Write a note on Impact of urbanization on the tribal societies.
  • 1988Discuss the world view of tribal people in forest regions of India.
  • 1988Write a note on Large scale development and distress in tribal regions.
  • 1988Discuss the people’s response and participation in development programmes in tribal areas.
  • 1987Write a note on Forests and the tribal peoples.
  • 1987Write a note on ‘Rapid industrialisations may lead to psychological frustrations.’Discuss.
  • 1986The impact of Industrialization of the tribes of India created for them many problems. Discuss with suitable Examples.
  • 1982Write a note on (200 words) : Forest policy and tribal interests.
  • 1981Write a note on Influence of environment on the culture of any Indian tribe. (200 words).

6.4 Trade and markets in tribal societies

Notes: Problems of Tribal Communities

4 questions

  • 2025Describe the nature of traditional socioeconomic interdependence among the Toda, Kota, Kurumba and Irula tribes of Nilgiri Hills. Highlight the changes occurring in these interrelationships.
  • 1991What are the principal characteristic of tribal markets ? What extra-economic functions do such markets perform?
  • 1990Write a note on Tribal markets as centres of social and cultural interaction.
  • 1989Write a note on Barter and Exchange in the tribal societies.
Unit 07 · Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs · 141 questions

141 questions · 66 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

7.1 Exploitation, deprivation and constitutional safeguards

Notes: Exploitation and Deprivation of SCs, STs, OBCs

44 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.
  • 2026What are the provisions given in the Constitution of India for the safeguard of the Scheduled Caste populations?
  • 2025What are the identifying criteria for PVTGs in India? Examine their current status, nomenclature and distribution.
  • 2025Trace the history and describe the methods of formulating the lists of OBCs, both at the State and National levels.
  • 2024Write notes on: Status of Sixth Schedule Areas.
  • 2024Write notes on: Constitutional Safeguards for Backward Classes.
  • 2024Write notes on: B. K. Roy Burman’s concept of ‘Buffer Zone’
  • 2023Write notes on: Scheduled areas.
  • 2022Write notes on: Role of the Governor in the Fifth Schedule areas.
  • 2022Discuss the issues and solutions related to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe populations in India.
  • 2021Write short notes on “Politics of recognition and deprivation” in about 150 words.
  • 2020Describe the provisions under 6th Schedule of Indian Constitution.
  • 2020Critically evaluate the state of implementation of the constitutional safeguards for the scheduled castes.
  • 2019What are the constitutional safeguards to protect the interests of the Indian tribes?
  • 2018Write a note in 150 words on Tribe and scheduled tribe.
  • 2018Discuss the salient features of PESA Act of 1996 and attempt a comparison with the features of the VI Schedule.
  • 2017Critically discuss the constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Castes.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Other Backward Class.
  • 2016Examine the factors responsible for the exploitation of scheduled castes in India.
  • 2016Write in detail various provisions provided by the Constitution of India for the scheduled tribes under Vth and VIth Schedules.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Role of Governor in Fifth Schedule Areas.
  • 2014Critically examine the constitutional provisions for safeguarding the interests of Scheduled Tribes in India.
  • 2013Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule of the Constitution are built on the foundations laid by the colonial Government. Discuss. (250 words).
  • 2013Discuss how British policies dispossessed tribals of their communal properties and agricultural lands.
  • 2013Discuss the Social disabilities suffered by scheduled castes.
  • 2010Write a note in 150 words on The problem of bonded labour among Indian tribes.
  • 2009Write a note on Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.
  • 2007Write a note on Constitutional Safeguards for Scheduled Castes.
  • 2004Write a note on National Commission for SCs and STs.
  • 2002Critically examine the merits and demerits of reservation policy for the ‘Scheduled tribes, Scheduled castes and  other Backward classes.
  • 2002Do you think that exploitation emanates from clash of self interest between groups? Discuss in the context of tribals , and non-tribals.
  • 1996Write a note on Constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Castes.
  • 1995Write a note on : Distinguish between exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes.
  • 1994Write a note on Constitutional safeguards for the scheduled tribes.
  • 1993What are the major socio-economic problems faced by the Scheduled castes ? Point out the criteria for diagnosis and suggest the remedial measures.
  • 1991Evaluate the extent to which existing reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have led to social mobility among them. What suggestions would you make for implementing to policy of adding an economic in extending reservation to the so-called ‘forward’ castes ?
  • 1990Discuss the provisions and significance of the protective discrimination policy towards scheduled caste. Assess its impact on their social mobility.
  • 1989Write notes on: Describe ILO’s Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal people. Is India a signatory to it? (2024).
  • 1987Write a note on Constitutional safeguards for scheduled tribes.
  • 1986Analyse the programmes for tribal welfare undertaken Governments in terms of relevant constitutional and statutory provisions.
  • 1985Identify the main problems of the scheduled castes and discuss the measures adopted to solve them.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words: Types of subsistence economy of Indian tribes.
  • 1982Write an essay on the social disabilities experienced by the scheduled castes and discuss the important efforts made to alleviate the same.
  • 1981Discuss some of the important provisions in our Constitution which are meant to protect the interest of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. What is the impact of these provisions have so far had on the weaker sections?

7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies

Notes: Social Change in Contemporary Tribal Societies

33 questions

  • 2026Discuss the impact of democratic institutions on the tribal populations of India.
  • 2025Discuss the role of NGOs in the socioeconomic and political development of weaker sections and the manner in which they facilitate other stakeholders.
  • 2024Critically discuss the recent welfare measures initiated by the Government for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Comment why PVTGs were erroneously called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
  • 2024How is PESA Act empowering local self-governance and impacting women’s political participation?
  • 2023Critically examine the impact of modern democratic institutions on contemporary tribal societies. Illustrate with suitable ethnographic examples.
  • 2022Discuss the objectives of Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs). How far have these objectives been achieved?
  • 2022Compare the functioning of traditional ‘Tribal Council’ with that of ‘Gram Sabha’ under PESA.
  • 2020Describe the functions of Tribal Research Institutes in India.
  • 2019Critically assess the existing plans and programmes meant for tribal welfare.
  • 2017Give a critical appraisal of any one tribal development programme during XIIth Five-Year plan. Give your suggestions for any improvement in the programme.
  • 2016Describe how various tribal development programmes and plans have impacted the process of social transformation among tribes.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Relevance of tribal Panchsheel today.
  • 2015Discuss the nature of social change in tribal India under the impact of  developmental programmes.
  • 2013Examine the impacts of green revolution on rural poor.
  • 2013Examine the impact of non-tribal contract on socio-cultural institutions of tribal people with suitable examples.
  • 2012Examine the relevance of Tribal Panchsheel by Jawaharlal Nehru in the light of emerging developing practices.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Commodification of Tribal Art.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Tribal Panchsheel.
  • 2008How have modern democratic institutions influenced the Indian tribal societies ? Assess.
  • 2006Critically review the processes of social changes the contemporary Indian society is undergoing.
  • 2006Write a note on Programmes for ‘Tribal Development.
  • 2000Write a note on MADA, LAMPS TRIFED.
  • 1998Write a note on ITDA.
  • 1997Estimate the role of democratic institutions/ organisation for the development of weaker sections and the welfare measures adopted by them.
  • 1995Write a note on People’s participation in tribal development.
  • 1994Describe the efficacy of the legislative measures adopted by the Government to tackle the socio-economic problems of the scheduled castes. What other measure would you suggest to tackle these problems?
  • 1993Write a note on Direction of tribal change.
  • 1986Write a note on Advantages of Ashram school in tribal areas.
  • 1985Write a note on Tribes in transition.
  • 1985Write a note on Tribal art in India.
  • 1984Make an evaluation of welfare measures adopted by the government for the betterment of scheduled tribes in India.
  • 1983What are the distinct segments in the backward population of India ? What special approaches do you recommend to suit the development of different segments?
  • 1982Discuss the role of education as an instrument of socio-economic change among the weaker section of India.

7.3 Ethnicity, ethnic conflict, regionalism, autonomy and pseudo-tribalism

Notes: Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflict and Regionalism · Pseudo-Tribalism and Social Change among Tribes

50 questions

  • 2025Write notes on: Regionalism and Autonomy.
  • 2025Discuss the rising ethnic conflicts in India and propose their possible remedial measures.
  • 2024Elucidate the resurgence of ethno-nationalism from an anthropological lens.
  • 2023Distinguishing between ethnic identity and ethnicity, discuss the factors responsible for ethnic conflict in tribal areas.
  • 2022Write notes on: Regionalism as an opportunity and threat to national integration.
  • 2022Compare the nature of tribal movements between North-East and Central India. Briefly mention the current status of existing tribal movements in these areas.
  • 2021Identify the causes of tribal unrest with special reference to North-East India.
  • 2020Explain the reasons of caste violence in India with suitable examples.
  • 2020Write short note on the Concept of Ethnicity in about 150 words.
  • 2019What has been the contribution of tribal people to the Indian Independence movement ?
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Ethnicity and regionalism.
  • 2018Discuss the various factors resulting in tribal unrest in various parts of India.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Ethnicity and regionalism.
  • 2016Give a critical assessment of ‘Negrito Problem’ in India.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on The role that regionalism plays in demand for | autonomy among Indian tribes.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Tribe as a colonial construct.
  • 2015Write a note in 150 words on Rights over resources and tribal unrest.
  • 2014Discuss the rise of ethno-nationalism among Indian tribes with specific  example.
  • 2014What are the significant factors responsible for tribal unrest ?
  • 2014Describe the history of tribal administration in the colonial period.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Government Action towards Left Wing Extremism.
  • 2013Assess the contributions of earth 20th century ethnographic tradition to Indian anthropology.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Colonial Ethnography.
  • 2011Write a note in 150 words on Left-wing extremism and tribals in India.
  • 2011Compare the approach adopted towards tribal communities during Colonial and post independence periods.
  • 2010Discuss and compare the approaches towards the tribes during colonial and post independent India.
  • 2010Do you find any significant change in the approaches ? Assess.
  • 2010Analyse the factors influencing tribal regionalism, citing Indian examples.
  • 2009Write a note on Tribal unrest in Central India.
  • 2008Write a note on Concept of Ethnicity.
  • 2007Discuss the anthropological understanding of rising ethnicity among | 34. Indian tribes in the context of nation-building.
  • 2005Elucidate the nature of changes in administration of tribal areas from colonial period to Post-Independence era in India.
  • 2003What is regionalism ? Evaluate how regionalism has stimulated political movements in India.
  • 2000Outline the historical background of tribal administration during the colonial period. Evaluate post-Independence administrative policies with special reference to states under either the Fifth Schedule or Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India.
  • 1997Discuss the significance of the regionalism and communalism in Indian  context and its role in ethno-political movements in the present political system.
  • 1995Write a note on : Identify the factors responsible for regionalism in contemporary India.
  • 1994Write a note on Positive and negative response of the tribals to Governmental measures.
  • 1993Write a note on Ethnicity.
  • 1992Discuss the divisive factors which disrupt national integration in India. What would you suggest to counteract the divisive forces ?
  • 1990Write a note on Cultural pluralism and national integration.
  • 1989Define the concept of ‘ethnic identity’. Discuss how it is emerging in the context of tribal unrest in some regions of country.
  • 1989What are the major issues of National Integration in India ? Discuss how it has been eroded in recent years. What remedial measures would you suggest for National Integration ?
  • 1988Write a note on Regional Disparity and National Integration.
  • 1988Assertion of ethnic identity and ethnic solidarity has been a pervasive process in India after Independence. Analyse this in relation to constitutional safeguards and emerging national integration.
  • 1987What suggestions would you like to make as an anthropologist for bringing the tribal peoples in the national mainstream without obliterating their separate identity.
  • 1987Examine the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic States in India in the context of national Integration.
  • 1986Write a note on Issues relating to national integration.
  • 1985Write a note on Role of ethnic groups in national integration.
  • 1984Discuss the divisive factors which disrupt national integration in India. Suggest solutions to counteract the divisive forces.
  • 1983Taking the example of any region, describe the radical changes that are taking place in tribal societies and assess their future outcome.

7.4 Social movements among tribal societies

Notes: Tribal Social Movements in India

14 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Tana Bhagat movement.
  • 2024Write an essay on the life history of tribal activist and freedom fighter Birsa Munda. What was the impact of his sacrifice on tribal society?
  • 2022Compare the nature of tribal movements between North-East and Central India. Briefly mention the current status of existing tribal movements in these areas.
  • 2013Write a note in 150 words on Ethnic movements in India.
  • 2008Write a note on Revivalistic Movements.
  • 2006Critically review Tana Bhagat Movement-its causes and effects.
  • 2004Classify the tribal movements in contemporary India in a regional perspective and analyse the contributive factors.
  • 2003Identify the causes and consequences of major tribal movements in India.
  • 2001Write a note on Birsa Movement.
  • 2000Assess the political and economic role of tribal and rural movements in the creation of the new states of Uttaranchal Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
  • 1999Write a note on Jharkhand Movement.
  • 1994Write a note on Tribal movement-pros and cons.
  • 1991Discuss the socio-economic and political characteristics of revitalization movements in tribal India. How are they affected by culture-contact with outsiders ?
  • 1990Discuss the role of sociopolitical movements in the emergence of tribal identity in the Indian context.
Unit 08 · Religions, Tribes and the Nation-State · 27 questions

27 questions · 17 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

8.1 Impact of religions on tribal societies

Notes: Impact of Religions on Tribal Societies

18 questions

  • 2026Discuss the impact of Christianity on the tribal population of Jharkhand.
  • 2026Write notes on: Buddhist tribes of India.
  • 2025Evaluate the impact of Christianity on Scheduled Tribe societies of North-East India.
  • 2022Explain the social and religious consequences of contact between tribal and non-tribal populations.
  • 2021Critically assess the impact of Christianity on tribal culture and identity.
  • 2020Explain the impact of Hinduism on Tribal people of India.
  • 2019Describe the impact of Buddhism on the tribal populations of India.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Impact of Christianity on Indian tribes.
  • 2016Discuss the impact of Islam on scheduled tribes of India.
  • 2015Discuss the impact of Hinduism on the status of tribal women in Central India.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on Impact of Christianity on tribes.
  • 2012Using ethnographic examples, highlight the processes of religious conversions in Tribal India.
  • 2011Discuss the impact of Hindu Society on tribal population in India.
  • 2009Analyse the impact of Christianity on tribal communities with special reference to North East India.
  • 2002Write a note on Bases of tribal religion.
  • 2000Write a note on Impact of Christianity on tribal societies.
  • 1996Define religion in anthropological perspective. Bring out the impact of Christianity on the converted and non-converted tribal groups of India.
  • 1995Write a note on Hindu mode of tribal absorption.

8.2 Tribe and nation-state

Notes: Tribe and Nation-State

9 questions

  • 2025Critically evaluate the concept of Nation-State and describe its impact on indigenous societies.
  • 2024Distinguish a ‘Theocratic State’ from a secular, liberal, democratic state. Illustrate your answer with examples from tribal and contemporary societies.
  • 2023Elucidate the role of anthropology in nation-building. Illustrate with suitable examples.
  • 2019Discuss with appropriate examples how tribal unrest may be understood as emerging out of an incompatibility between tribes and the nation-state.
  • 2017Critically evaluate the term ‘tribe’ (as used in India) as compared to the term ‘indigenous’ in some other countries.
  • 2015Critically compare ‘Affirmative Action’ of USA and ‘Protective Discrimination for Scheduled Tribes in India.
  • 2012Critically examine the relationship between tribal communities and the Nation-State on issues of governance.
  • 2001What do you know by tribe and nation? How do states carved for tribals in India differ from tribal-nation states in Africa? Discuss.
  • 1989Write notes on: Describe ILO’s Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal people. Is India a signatory to it? (2024).
Unit 09 · Tribal Administration and Development · 71 questions

71 questions · 39 since 2013 · Unit page with notes

9.1 Tribal administration, policies, plans, PVTGs and NGOs

Notes: Tribal Administration in India · Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups and NGOs

40 questions

  • 2026Write notes on: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of the islands.
  • 2026‘Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan aims to meet some of the Sustainable Development Goals’. Discuss.
  • 2026Write an account on the contribution of Verrier Elwin in developing policies for the tribal populations in post-independent India.
  • 2026Write an account on Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST).
  • 2025What are the identifying criteria for PVTGs in India? Examine their current status, nomenclature and distribution.
  • 2025Discuss the role of NGOs in the socioeconomic and political development of weaker sections and the manner in which they facilitate other stakeholders.
  • 2024Critically discuss the recent welfare measures initiated by the Government for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Comment why PVTGs were erroneously called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
  • 2023Elucidate the problems faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups and the major challenges in the formulation of special programmes for their development.
  • 2023Elucidate the shifting terrains of India’s tribal policies in colonial and post-colonial periods.
  • 2022Discuss the views of G. S. Ghurye and Verrier Elwin on the approach towards tribal populations. What are the policies of the Government of India towards Indian tribal populations?
  • 2021Discuss the interventions made by the Non-Governmental Organizations for empowering tribal women.
  • 2020Discuss the effect of job reservation in alleviating unemployment among the tribal people of India.
  • 2019Identify some special programmes for particularly vulnerable Tribal Groups (erstwhile PTGs).
  • 2019Critically discuss the role of NGOs in tribal development.
  • 2017Write a note in 150 words on Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (earlier known as PTG).
  • 2017Discuss the emergence, salient features and limitations of Tribal sub-plan.
  • 2016Critically examine the role of NGOs and missionaries in transformation of scheduled tribes in Central India.
  • 2015Recently non-government organizations have been critiqued for interfering with developmental process in tribal heartland ! Critically comment.
  • 2014Write a note in 150 words on The concept of PTG.
  • 2014Critically evaluate the National Tribal Policy.
  • 2014Critically examine the role of NGOs in promoting health and education in tribal areas.
  • 2012Using suitable examples, bring out the historical processes of the social exclusion of denotified tribes.
  • 2012Write a note in 150 words on Participatory Rural Appraisal.
  • 2009Write a note on NGOs and tribal development.
  • 2008What are the special problems of the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) ? How far have the developmental programmes of the Government been able to address these?
  • 2007Write a note on Role of NGO’s in Development.
  • 2005Write a note on Tribal sub-plan,.
  • 2004Write a note on Sustainable Development of Tribes.
  • 2003Write a note on Implications of recent Presidential orders relating to Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.
  • 2002Write a note on the role of N.G.O.s for tribal development.
  • 2002What do you understand by the integrated tribal and rural development programmes? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programmes ?
  • 2001Mention various developmental programmes implemented for the socio-economic well-being of Scheduled Castes. Do these programmes fulfil their aspiration ? Discuss.
  • 2000Write a note on Tribal education in the context of development.
  • 1999Write a note on Tribal Sub-Plan.
  • 1997Write a note on Plans and Programmes of Tribal development.
  • 1996Write a note on Role of NGOs in literacy programme.
  • 1995Critically evaluate various approaches to set the tribals within the mainstream of Indian civilization. In your opmion which approach is relevant in the modern context ?
  • 1985What are the various policies that have been suggested for bringing the tribals  into the mainstream of national life ?  In the interest of the tribals, which of these policies do you consider suitable ?
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : History of tribal administration in India.
  • 1982How are cultural factors important in planning and executing development programmes among simple communities ?

9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development

Notes: Role of Anthropology in Tribal and Rural Development

20 questions

  • 2025Identify the contemporary limitations in the process of tribal development. How can anthropological knowledge contribute in this process?
  • 2024What are the ethical concerns in biological and socio-cultural anthropology because of recent advances in AI and genetic research?
  • 2023Elucidate the role of anthropology in nation-building. Illustrate with suitable examples.
  • 2022Briefly describe the anthropological perspective on development. How have anthropologists contributed in India’s rural development?
  • 2018Examine the strengths and weaknesses of anthropology in the context of its role in tribal and rural development.
  • 2016Describe how anthropological knowledge and methods are useful in rural development.
  • 2015Examine in detail the role of anthropology in planning for tribal development.
  • 2014Critically assess the role of anthropologists in rural development.
  • 2013Discuss the significance of cultural and administrative factors in tribal development.
  • 2013Discuss the criticism levelled against anthropology in the context of ‘Isolation, and assimilations debate’ on tribal populations.
  • 2006Describe the role of anthropologists in Tribal Development.
  • 2005Write a note on Role of anthropologists in rural development.
  • 2004Anthropologists are better equipped to play an effective role in rural and tribal development. Discuss.
  • 1997Write a note on Role of Anthropologists as an Administrator.
  • 1994Write a note on Role of Anthropology in tribal development.
  • 1992Write a note on Role of anthropology in tribal development.
  • 1987Write a note on Anthropological approach to tribal development.
  • 1985Discuss the role of Anthropology to planning and executing developmental programmes among the tribal communities.
  • 1984Write a note in 200 words : Role of anthropology in tribal development.
  • 1981How does applied anthropology help to solve some of the different problems confronting Administrators in tribalareas ?

9.3 Anthropology of regionalism, communalism and ethnic movements

Notes: Anthropology of Regionalism, Communalism and Ethnic Movements

11 questions

  • 2025Discuss the rising ethnic conflicts in India and propose their possible remedial measures.
  • 2025Critically evaluate the concept of Nation-State and describe its impact on indigenous societies.
  • 2024Elucidate the resurgence of ethno-nationalism from an anthropological lens.
  • 2024Critically examine existing paradigms of holistic health for the marginalised sections of society drawing inferences from COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 2020Discuss the regionalism and demand for autonomy in India from Anthropological perspective with respect to Kashmir/Nagaland/Bodoland/Gorkhaland agitation.
  • 2019Write a note in 150 words on Anthropological understanding of communalism.
  • 2017Discuss the contribution of anthropology in understanding the loss of livelihood of tribal communities due to economic and ecological factors.
  • 2016Write a note in 150 words on Anthropological interpretation of ethnic and political movements.
  • 2012Using examples, comment on how anthropology can be utilized in policy making.
  • 2009In what ways has anthropology contributed to the understanding of ethnic & political movements in India?
  • 1995To what extent, ethnicity is responsible for the tribal movements in India? Elaborate with suitable examples.

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