UPSC History Optional Map Solution 2023

UPSC History Optional Map Solution 2023

History Optional Mapping PYQs Solution: Map Based Questions with Solution – 2023 History Optional Mains Examination.

Q. Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 30 words on each of them in your Question-cum-Answer Booklet. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim:

• (i) Neolithic site
• (ii) Site of Mother and Child Terracotta Figure
• (iii) Hoard of Gupta Coin
• (iv) Site of Botanical remains
• (v) Harappan site with mud–brick platform
• (vi) Mauryan reservoir site
• (vii) Capital of Maitraka dynasty
• (viii) Dockyard
• (ix) Rock shelter
• (x) Stone axe factory
• (xi) Satavahana inscription site
• (xii) Minor rock inscription of Ashoka
• (xiii) Buddhist Stupa
• (xiv) Mesolithic site
• (xv) Iron smelting workshop
• (xvi) Megalithic site
• (xvii) Temple site dedicated to Surya
• (xviii) Roman factory site
• (xix) Site of Muvar Koil (Temple of Three)
• (xx) Megalith stone site

Mapping PYQs Solution:

1. Neolithic site: Burzahom
2. Site of mother and child terracotta figure: Kanyakubja/ Kannauj
3. Hoard of Gupta coin: Bayana
4. Site of botanical remains: Lahuradeva
5. Harappan site with mud-brick patform: Ahar / Ojiyana
6. Mauryan reservoir site: Sudarshana Lake near Girnar Hill
7. Capital of Maitraka dynasty: Vallabhi
8. Dockyard: Lothal
9. Rock shelter: Bhimbetka
10. Stone axe factory: Nevasa
11. Satavahana inscription site: Nashik
12. Minor rock inscription of Ashoka: Erragudi
13. Buddhist Stupa: Phanigiri / Nelakondapalli
14. Mesolithic site: Renigunta
15. Iron smelting workshop: Junapani
16. Megalithic site: Paiyampalli
17. Temple dedicated to Surya: Mandsaur
18. Roman factory site: Arikamedu( Poduka)
19. Site of Muvar Koil: Kodumbalur (Moovar Koil)
20. Megalith stone site: Maski

(i) Neolithic site

Burzahom

• Located northeast of Srinagar in Jammu & Kashmir, on the floodplains of the Jhelum River.
• It is the first Neolithic site discovered in Kashmir and shows continuity into the Megalithic phase.
• The settlement is dated around 2700 BCE, with a transition from pit dwellings to surface-level houses.
• Early dwellings were circular or oval underground pits plastered with mud, entered via steps and ladders.
• A unique feature of this Neolithic culture is the absence of early agricultural knowledge, with a subsistence base of hunting and fishing.
• Polished bone and stone tools (e.g. harpoons, needles, arrowheads) are found in large numbers.
• Human and animal burials (especially dogs buried with their masters) were discovered.
  • Primary and secondary burials were practiced, often within house floors.
  • In secondary burials, skulls and long bones were selectively buried.
• Storage pits and dwelling pits have also been identified.
• Pottery evolution:
  • Early phase: crude, handmade pottery.
  • Later phase: wheel-made pottery.
• Evidence of cultivation of wheat, barley, and lentil has been found, indicating a gradual transition to agriculture.

(ii) Site of Mother and Child Terracotta Figure

Kanyakubja/ Kannauj

• Located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Served as the capital of the Maukharis and later Harshavardhana during the 7th century CE.
• Visited by Chinese pilgrims Faxian and Xuanzang:
  • Xuanzang described it as a large and prosperous city with numerous Buddhist monasteries during Harsha’s reign.
• Became the focal point of the Tripartite Struggle (8th–10th century CE) involving:
  • Palas
  • Pratiharas
  • Rashtrakutas
• During the invasion of Muhammad Ghori, the region was ruled by Raja Jaichandra, a rival of Prithviraj Chauhan.
• In the Battle of Kannauj, Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun, marking a major shift in Mughal-Afghan power dynamics.
• Known for the production of Ittar (perfume), continuing to be a cultural and commercial hallmark.
• Terracotta Figure (Gupta Period, 4th–6th Century CE):
  • Depicts a mother and child.
  • The mother holds the child on her left lap.
  • Features include a bump-shaped hair arrangement, painted face, and raised nose, though some features remain unclear.

(iii) Hoard of Gupta Coin

Bayana

• Located in Bharatpur district, Rajasthan.
• Also known as the ‘City of Vansasur’.
• Bayana Hoard of Gupta Coins:
  • Discovered in 1946 by A.S. Altekar.
  • Considered the largest coin hoard ever found in India.
  • Contains around 2000 gold coins issued by Gupta rulers, especially Chandragupta II.
  • Coinage showcases a wide variety of unique types, including:
    • ‘Lyrist’ type
    • ‘Elephant rider’ type
    • ‘Lion trampler’ type
    • ‘Rhinoceros slayer’ type
    • ‘Ashwamedha’ type
    • ‘King and Queen’ type
  • Coins depict:
    • Kings in various roles: playing musical instruments, hunting, riding elephants, etc.
    • Royal or divine women: shown showering coins, stroking peacock plumes.
  • Coins made of gold, silver, and copper.
  • Samudragupta depicted as playing the veena.
• Other Historical Findings:
  • Bayana Fort built by Yadav King Vijaypala in the 11th century CE.
  • Fragmentary inscription (300 CE) found here, referring to Maharaja Mahasenapati elected by the Yaudheya Republic.
  • Bhimlat / Vijay Pillar:
    • Built in Malwa Samvat 428 (AD 371–72).
    • Inscription of 372 CE records:
      • Erection of sacrificial post (stone pillar) after the completion of Pundarika sacrifice.
      • Performed by Vishnuvardhana, likely a feudatory of Samudragupta.

(iv) Site of botanical remains

Lahuradeva

• Location
  • Located in Sant Kabir Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh
  • Considered one of the earliest sites globally for cultivated rice production
  • Excavation dated to 7000–6000 BCE
  • A domesticated rice husk was dated to 6409 BCE
• Subsistence and Faunal Remains
  • Evidence of consumption of wild mammals:
    • Gaur, Sambar, Spotted deer, Wild pig
    • Porcupine, Mongoose, Hare, Squirrel
  • Birds were also consumed
  • At least four freshwater fish species identified:
    • Ritha (Catfish), Sareng/Boal, Rohu, Freshwater mussels
• Cultural Continuity
  • Provides the oldest ceramic evidence in South Asia (~7000 BCE)
  • Well-documented record of settled life from 7th millennium BCE to ~200 CE
  • Early Farming Phase (7th millennium BCE onwards)
    • Use of coarse handmade red ware and black-and-red ware with cord impressions
    • Carbonized plant material includes rice grains and glume pieces of domesticated rice
    • Faunal remains include animal bones and tortoise shell
  • Developed Farming Phase (~2000 BCE)
    • Emergence of copper artefacts
    • Artefacts discovered:
      • Earthen storage bins
      • Baked terracotta tiles
      • Terracotta object legs
      • Steatite beads
      • Beads of semi-precious stones
      • Socketed and tanged bone/antler arrowheads with micro decorations
    • Structural improvements:
      • Rammed earthen floors
      • Hearths
      • Mud-wall construction
  • Advanced Farming / Early Iron Age
    • Appearance of highly rusted iron artefacts, including sickles
    • Continuity in housing features:
      • Earthen floors
      • Burnt clay lumps with reed/straw impressions
      • Bone and antler tools (arrowheads, awls)
  • NBPW Phase
    • Characterized by Northern Black Polished Ware pottery
  • Early Historic Phase (1st millennium BCE–CE)
    • Discovery of brick-paved well
    • Remains of brick house foundation with multiple rooms
    • Red ware sherds typical of the early historic period found

(v) Harappan site with mud-brick platform

Ojiyana:

• Location
  • Situated about 30 km southwest of Beawar, in the hilly region of Bhilwara district, Rajasthan
  • Unique for being located on a hill slope, unlike most Ahar culture sites that are in river valleys
• Settlement Characteristics
  • First settlers were likely cultivators who chose the hillock skirted by fertile lowlands for habitation
  • Phase I:
    • Houses built with sun-dried mud bricks, placed directly on the rocky surface
    • Presence of thin mud floors and construction debris indicates early domestic structures
  • Phase II:
    • Shift to stone construction, due to impracticality of mud-brick structures on sloping terrain
    • Emergence of a multi-chambered house-complex built on a platform
    • Houses made of locally available stone, with mud bricks used for internal partitions
  • Phase III:
    • Wattle-and-daub houses dominate, indicating a sharp decline in building sophistication
    • Thick ash layers, burnt plaster, and post-holes with charcoal caps suggest a destructive fire that ended the final occupation phase
• Ceramics
  • Painted Black-and-Red Ware (BRW) found in all phases:
    • Changes in shape, painting style, and firing techniques observed across time
    • Paintings were executed on both exterior and interior surfaces
  • Associated pottery types:
    • Black-slipped ware
    • Burnished and unburnished black ware
    • Grey ware
    • Tan ware
    • Red slipped ware
  • Pottery decoration techniques included incision, pinching, and geometric designs
• Terracotta and Figurines
  • Large number of terracotta bulls recovered:
    • White-painted bulls, unique to Ojiyana, likely used as cult objects
    • White paint possibly applied during rituals or ceremonies
  • Terracotta figurines of cows also discovered, possibly with ritualistic significance
• Metal and Tool Artefacts
  • A small copper chopper made from a thin copper sheet is a significant Ahar culture artefact
  • Faience objects of Harappan type suggest cultural contacts with contemporary civilizations
• Ornaments and Miscellaneous Finds
  • Beads made of:
    • Carnelian
    • Agate
    • Faience
    • Shell
    • Steatite
    • Decorated terracotta
  • Other ornaments include:
    • Copper bangles
    • Shell rings
    • Copper pendants
  • Toy-cart wheels were also unearthed, indicating presence of children’s objects or ritual toys

(vi) Mauryan reservoir site

Sudarshana Lake near Girnar Hill:

• Location
  • Situated near Girnar Hill in Junagadh, Kathiawar region of Gujarat
• Historical Inscriptions on Rock Edicts
  • Major rock edicts of Ashoka inscribed on black granite
  • Written in Brahmi script
  • Ashokan edicts emphasize Dhamma and administrative ethics
• Rudradaman I’s Sanskrit Inscription (c. 150 CE)
  • Added by Rudradaman I, the Saka ruler of Malwa from the Western Kshatrapas dynasty
  • Considered the earliest known Sanskrit inscription
  • Records the renovation of Sudarshana Lake, originally built by Pusyagupta, the provincial governor under Chandragupta Maurya
• Skandagupta’s Inscription (c. 450 CE)
  • Refers to Skandagupta, highlighting further repairs and maintenance of the lake
  • Demonstrates continuity of water management and state patronage through multiple dynasties
• Religious and Cultural Significance
  • Girnar Hill is sacred to both Hindus and Jains
  • Hosts numerous Jain and Hindu temples, indicating long-standing religious importance

(vii) Capital of Maitraka dynasty

Vallabhi

• Location
  • Situated in Bhavnagar district, Saurashtra, Gujarat
• Historical and Political Significance
  • Served as the capital of the Maitraka Dynasty from 480 to 775 CE
  • Founded by Senapati Bhatarka, the first ruler of the Maitraka dynasty
• Centre of Learning and Religion
  • Renowned as a major centre of learning, especially for Buddhism
  • Numerous Buddhist monasteries flourished in Vallabhi
  • Visited by Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing in the 7th century, who praised its educational importance
• Jain Historical Importance
  • Site of the Second Jaina Council held under Devardhi in the 6th century CE
  • During this council, the Jaina scriptures were compiled and standardized into their present form.

(viii) Dockyard

Lothal:

• Location
  • Situated in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat
• Early Settlement
  • Initially a small pre-Harappan village, later developed into a significant urban centre during the Indus Valley Civilization
• Economic and Industrial Importance
  • Major centre for bead-making, shell ornament crafting, metalwork, and fire altar rituals
  • Known for its cotton and rice cultivation
  • Played a vital role as a port town, facilitating maritime trade with the Persian Gulf
• Town Planning and Architecture
  • Divided into a citadel and a lower town
  • Buildings constructed with fire-baked bricks, lime, and sand mortar
  • Featured a sophisticated drainage system, similar to other Harappan sites
• Key Discoveries
  • Dockyard: Most famous structure; shows advanced engineering and tidal control
  • Persian Gulf seals, indicating foreign trade
  • Workshops: Shell ornament maker’s shop, bead maker’s shop, metalworker’s shop
  • Fire altars: Possibly for ritual purposes
  • Terracotta house figurines, merchant’s house, and warehouse
  • Sealing with cloth impression, showing use of textiles
  • Twelve bathrooms in the citadel area, indicating hygienic practices
  • Ivory scale: Shows the smallest-known decimal divisions from the Indus period
• Trade Connections
  • Connected to other Harappan cities via river routes
  • Part of a coastal trade network, linking Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast

(ix) Rock shelter

Bhimbetka Rock Shelter Caves and Painting

• Location
  • Situated in the Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
• Cultural and Chronological Context
  • Belongs mainly to the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods
  • Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
  • Represents one of the earliest traces of human life in the Indian subcontinent
• Archaeological Findings
  • Stone Tools:
    • Paleolithic tools: Made of quartzite and sandstone, large in size
    • Mesolithic tools: Made of chalcedony, generally smaller and more refined
  • Floors: Paved with flat stone slabs
  • No human bones discovered so far
• Rock Art and Paintings
  • A natural art gallery with numerous rock cave paintings
  • Paintings span multiple cultural phases from Paleolithic to Mesolithic
  • Themes depicted include:
    • Hunting scenes involving groups of men with bows and arrows
    • Dancing figures and social gatherings
    • Children playing and women working
    • Possible early family and community structures
  • Painted using natural pigments and applied with fingers or brushes made of twigs
• Additional Significance
  • Also recognized as a Petroglyphs site, with carved symbols and figures on rocks
  • Demonstrates the continuity of human settlement and artistic expression across thousands of years

(x) Stone axe factory

Nevasa

• Location
  • Located in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra
• Chronological and Cultural Context
  • Important Palaeolithic and Chalcolithic site
  • Known as a factory site during the Middle Palaeolithic period
  • The Middle Palaeolithic industry of central and peninsular India is often termed the Nevasan Industry after this site
• Palaeolithic Phase
  • Rich in stone tools, particularly:
    • Various types of scrapers made from agate, jasper, and chalcedony
  • Represents a phase of technological innovation and adaptation to environmental conditions
• Chalcolithic Phase
  • Evidence of Painted Black and Red Ware pottery
  • Use of copper tools
  • Dwelling structures included:
    • Walls made of bamboo and mud
    • Rammed floors
    • Thatched roofs with post holes
  • Indicates a semi-nomadic lifestyle during this period
• Significance
  • Provides a continuous archaeological record from prehistory to early history
  • Important for understanding the technological and settlement patterns of early human communities in western India

(xi) Satavahana inscription site

Nasik Inscription

• Location
  • Situated in Nasik (Nashik), Maharashtra
• Chronological and Cultural Significance
  • One of the earliest Satavahana inscriptions found in Cave No. 19 of the Pandavleni Caves
  • Issued during the reign of Kanha (100–70 BCE)
  • The region also shows cultural layers of Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods
  • Presence of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) indicates early historic occupation
• Geographical Importance
  • Located on the ancient trade route that connected the western ports with north and south Indian cities
  • Evolved into an important urban centre during the Saka-Satavahana period (200 BCE – 200 CE)
• Architectural Features
  • Known for Buddhist rock-cut caves, particularly:
    • Chaitya halls and viharas belonging to the Hinayana tradition
    • These caves imitate wooden construction styles in stone
    • The façade of the Chaityagriha is richly carved with intricate details
    • Relief sculptures depict the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and female deities
• Patronage and Inscriptions
  • Caves were sponsored by:
    • Satavahana kings
    • Merchants, artisans, and local elites
  • Notable inscription records that a cave was a gift from Gautami Balasri, mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni
  • Inscriptions provide genealogical and religious details of Satavahana rulers
• Historical Importance
  • Offers insight into early Deccan polity, religious patronage, and trade networks
  • A key site for studying the Satavahana dynasty’s cultural and religious contributions

(xii) Minor rock inscription of Ashoka

Yerragudi/ Erragudi

• Location
  • Situated in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh
• Edict Details
  • Site of both Major and Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka
  • Inscriptions are written in Brahmi script and Prakrit language
• Royal Reference
  • Ashoka is referred to as Piyadasi and Devanampiya (Beloved of the Gods)
• Content of Inscriptions
  • The edicts promote ethical and moral conduct rooted in Dhamma:
    • Obedience to parents
    • Respect for elders
    • Kindness towards living beings
    • Truthful speech
    • Promotion of dharma values
    • Prohibition of animal slaughter for sacrifices
• Welfare Measures Mentioned
  • Planting of trees along roads
  • Digging of wells for the benefit of both humans and animals
• Historical Significance
  • Offers valuable insights into Ashoka’s moral governance, religious tolerance, and public welfare policies
  • A key epigraphical source for understanding Mauryan administration and state ideology

(xiii) Buddhist Stupa

Nelakondapalli:

• Location
  • Located in Khammam district, Telangana
• Religious and Cultural Importance
  • A significant archaeological site for both early Buddhism and Hinduism
  • Identified as an important ancient urban centre with religious and artistic activities
• Major Discoveries
  • Presence of a large Maha-stupa (Mahachaitya) near an ancient manmade lake
  • Brick-lined vihara complex, wells, and cisterns discovered near the stupa
  • Terracotta figurines, a bronze statue of Buddha, and a miniature stupa carved in limestone
• Archaeological Finds
  • Hundreds of coins, particularly:
    • Satavahana coins – commonly found in Deccan sites
    • Ikshvaku coins – rare in Telangana
  • Brick foundations, pottery wares, and artistic panels showing evidence of urban settlement and production
  • Inscriptions from the 5th to 12th centuries CE, indicating continued religious and political significance
• Dynastic Associations
  • Linked to multiple dynasties:
    • Western Chalukyas
    • Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
    • Kakatiyas
  • Nelakondapalli Inscription of Krishnadevaraya (Vijayanagara Empire, 16th century CE) attests to its later importance
• Literary and Cultural Legacy
  • Birthplace of Bhakta Ramadas (Kancharla Gopanna), a 17th-century saint-poet and devotee of Lord Rama

(xiv) Mesolithic site

Renigunta:

• In Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh
• multi-culture Stone Age site
• association with a distinctive blade-and-burin industry of the Upper Palaeolithic character
• occupations of the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic cultures
• The Lower Palaeolithic at Renigunta belongs to the Acheulian cultural tradition of peninsular India.
  • The tool types are handaxes, cleavers, picks, polyhedrons, discoids, choppers and chopping tools, a variety of scrapers, and utilised flakes and massive core and flake implements.
  • Handaxes and cleavers are the diagnostic types. The tools are made on pebbles, cobbles, nodules and flakes, and the raw material is coarse-grained quartzite. 
• The Middle Palaeolithic at Renigunta belongs to the flake-tool techno-complex
  • The artefacts are predominantly on flakes, but also on flake-blades, blades and cores.
• The Upper Palaeolithic at Renigunta is a typical blade-and-burin industry
• The Mesolithic artefacts can be distinguished by their microlithic size and the raw material, which is milky quartz.
  • The Microlithic tools are on blades and bladelets.
  • Geometric types, such as triangles and trapezes, are rare. The Mesolithic at Renigunta is typical of the south Indian quartz microlithic industries. Bored stones occur with the microlithic tools in this occupation. These could have served the purpose of net sinkers.

(xv) Iron smelting workshop

Junapani 

• Location
  • Situated in Nagpur district, Maharashtra
• Cultural Period
  • Belongs to the Megalithic and Early Iron Age phase
• Burial Practices
  • Around 300 stone circles have been discovered
  • Burial-based culture with no evidence of cremation
  • Burials characterized by cairns (stone heaps)
  • Presence of cup-marked stones in circles suggests astronomical significance
• Material Culture
  • Discovery of iron objects such as:
    • Rings
    • Chisels
    • Horse-bits
    • Flat axes
  • Black and Red Ware (BRW) pottery found
  • Red pottery with graffiti marks as grave goods
• Industrial Significance
  • Recognized as a bead-making centre
• Heritage Status
  • Declared a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

(xvi) Megalithic site

Paiyampalli

• In Tirupattur district, Tamilnadu.
• Neolithic & Megalithic settlements.
• The habitation — cum burial site.
• Absence of bone tools.
• Huts with floors levelled with stone chips and plastered.
• Agriculture:
  • Cereals and pulses.
  • Charred grains of horse gram and green gram found.
• The megalithic pottery:
  • Thin, coarse red ware painted.
  • BRW, all black ware and the red ware found.
• Metallurgy:
  • Smelted iron
  • Produced tools and weapons locally.

(xvii) Temple site dedicated to Surya

Mandsaur 

• In the Malwa region, in Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh.
• Mandasor Pillar Inscriptions of Yashodharman:
  • In Sanskrit from early 6th-century.
  • Record victory of Malwa king Yasodharman over the Hun king Mihirakula.
• Mandsaur Inscription of Kumar Gupta:
  • Dated to 5th century.
  • Records that many silk weavers migrated from Lata (Gujarat) to Dasapura.
  • Some adopted other occupations while those who adhered to their original craft organised themselves into a guild.
  • Guild of silk weavers built a sun temple in 437 AD.

(xviii) Roman factory site

Arikamedu/ poduka:

• Near Puducherry.
• Known as Poduka to the Romans.
• Famous port during the sangam Age under Early Chola.
• Bead making facility and trading with Roman.
• Roman artifacts:
  • Amphorae bearing the mark of Roman pottery.
  • Roman lamps, glassware and gems.
  • Roman golden coins proves that India got a lot of gold in return of her export.

(xix) Site of Muvar Koil (Temple of Three)

Kodumbalur (Moovar Koil):

• Location
  • Situated in Kodumbalur village, about 36 km from Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu
• Historical Importance
  • Site of the famous Moovar Koil or “The Three Temples”
  • Associated with Boothi Vikramakesari, a Chola feudatory and Irukkuvel chieftain
  • Also the site of a battle between the Pallavas and Pandyas
• Temple Complex Details
  • Three shrines built:
    • One for Boothi Vikramakesari himself
    • Two for his wives: Nangai Varaguna Perumanar and Karrali
  • Only two shrines remain intact; the northern shrine’s basement is all that survives
  • Basement of the northern shrine is moulded like a fully-bloomed lotus
• Architectural Features
  • Temples are relatively small in size, but rich in sculptural detail
  • Each shrine measures 6.4 sq metres at the base, and all face west
  • Includes Nandi shrine in front of the Mahamandapa
  • Notable elements:
    • Circular pilasters with circular shafts on the four sides of the vimana, described as Vrittasputitas in Shilpa texts like Shilparatna
    • Each shrine has a fair-sized ardhamandapa (porch) attached to the sanctum
    • Both sanctum and mandapa are placed slightly below ground level, like in a pit
    • Built predominantly of stone
• Cultural and Chronological Significance
  • Counted among the four earliest extant temples of the Chola Empire
• Nearby Monument
  • Close to Muchukundeswarar temple, another Early Chola period temple located slightly to the west of Moovar Koil

(xx) Megalith stone site

Maski

• Location
  • Situated in Raichur district, Karnataka
• Cultural Sequence
  • Evidence of Neolithic-Chalcolithic and Megalithic cultures
• Historical Significance
  • Site of a Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka
  • First edict to mention the name “Ashoka”, instead of just “Devanampriya” or “Piyadasi”
• Material Culture
  • Artefacts include:
    • Polished stone tools
    • Microlithic blades
    • Copper rod
    • Beads made of carnelian, agate, chalcedony, shell, coral, glass, and paste
  • Rock paintings also found at the site
• Pottery
  • Red ware and Black and Red Ware (BRW)
  • Some pots have incised decorative designs
• Faunal Remains
  • Animal bones recovered, indicating subsistence activities
• Subsistence Pattern
  • Based on a combination of:
    • Agriculture
    • Animal domestication
    • Hunting