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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Write short note: Primary and reference groups.

  • UPSC 2003
  • Sociological Thinkers

A primary group is defined by the quality of relationships within it; a reference group by the use an individual makes of a group for self-appraisal. The first concept comes from Charles Horton Cooley, the second from Herbert Hyman and Robert K. Merton. Together they show how the self is both nurtured and measured.

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What the full answer covers

  • Primary groups
  • Reference groups
  • How the two relate
  • Indian illustration
  • Conclusion

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