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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Write short note: Concept of functional alternatives.

  • UPSC 1993
  • Sociological Thinkers

Functional alternatives (also called functional equivalents or functional substitutes) are different social items that can meet the same functional requirement. Though often taught alongside Parsons, the concept belongs to Robert K. Merton, who set it out in Social Theory and Social Structure (1949; revised 1957) as part of his paradigm for functional analysis.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why Merton introduced it
  • Key features
  • Merton's illustrations
  • Indian illustrations
  • Critique
  • Conclusion

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