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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Write brief essay: Indo – Islamic architecture during the Khalji and Tughluq period.

  • UPSC 1992
  • Society, Culture and Economy in the 13th and 14th Centuries

The half-century spanning the Khalji and Tughluq dynasties (1290–1414) marks the point where Indo-Islamic architecture moved from improvisation to a confident, internally consistent style.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Khalji Interlude: A Seljuq-Inflected New Idiom
  • The Tughluq Reaction: Austerity, Mass, and Structural Experiment
  • Ghiyasuddin and Muhammad: The Fortress Aesthetic
  • Firuz Shah: Economy of Means, New Structural Devices

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