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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

What measures did Balban adopt to combat the Mongol menace

  • UPSC 2015
  • The Thirteenth Century

By the time Balban assumed the throne in 1266, the Mongol threat had already shifted from an intermittent nuisance into a structural condition of Sultanate politics: the frontier stood at the river Beas, Lahore lay effectively lost, and Mongol raiding parties struck deep into the Punjab with a regularity that no earlier sultan had faced.…

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What the full answer covers

  • Diplomatic Groundwork Before Accession
  • Reorganising the Frontier Defence Line
  • Command Structure: Capable Frontier Commanders
  • A Strategy of Resistance Without Provocation
  • The Cost: Three Major Invasions and Prince Muhammad's Death

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