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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

What is ‘reverse migration’? Discuss its features, causes and consequences in India.

  • UPSC 2023
  • 20 marks
  • Rural and Agrarian Transformation in India

Reverse migration is movement back from destination to origin, against the dominant flow — in India, against the rural-to-urban and India-to-Gulf streams. It covers three distinct processes: return migration, a planned homecoming after a work cycle or at retirement; counter-urbanisation, a term coined by Brian J. L. Berry in 1976 for net movement from metropolitan…

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