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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

The state was the most important factor in the industrialization of Russia. Comment.

  • UPSC 2024
  • Industrialization

Russia's industrialization was unmistakably state-directed, but crediting the state alone risks flattening a process that also depended heavily on foreign capital, geography, and international circumstance.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Case for the State as Primary Driver
  • The Case for Other Factors
  • Weighing the Verdict

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