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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

‘The soil grows castes: the machines make classes’. Comment.

  • UPSC 1989
  • Caste System

The aphorism compresses a classical expectation: an agrarian, land-based order reproduces ascribed ritual groups, while industrial production generates achievement-based classes. It is half true. Machines have made classes in India, but they have not unmade castes — they have re-tooled them.

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