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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Write short note: Programmes for urban development.

  • UPSC 2007
  • Industrialization and Urbanisation in India

Indian urban programmes are best read as a sequence rather than a list, because each phase reveals how the state of the day understood the city — first as a burden, then as an instrument, then as a constitutional tier, and finally as a competitor for central funds.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Phase one: the city as residual (1950s–1970s)
  • Phase two: towns as instruments of dispersal (1979–1988)
  • Phase three: the constitutional turn (1992)
  • Phase four and five: mission mode, then competition (2005 onwards)
  • What the sequence reveals
  • Conclusion

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