History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer
What were the obstacles to Italian unification till 1852? How and with what methods was the unification of Italy achieved?
- UPSC 1993
- Nation-State System
Until the mid-nineteenth century Italy was, in Metternich's famous phrase, merely "a geographic expression," and its unification had to overcome deep structural, political, and ideological obstacles before diplomacy and revolution together forged a nation-state.
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What the full answer covers
- Obstacles Till 1852
- Political Fragmentation and the Vienna Settlement
- Austrian Hegemony
- The Papacy and Bourbon Naples
- Absence of a Common Basis for Nationhood
- Methods by Which Unification Was Achieved (1852–1870)
- …and 3 more sections, with a conclusion
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