Unlock Elite Access: Level Up Your Preparation with Exclusive Content

Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

What is reliability? Explain the different tests available to social science researchers to establish reliability.

  • UPSC 2022
  • Research Methods and Analysis

Reliability is the consistency and repeatability of a measuring instrument — the degree to which it produces the same result when applied repeatedly to the same, unchanged phenomenon.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Test-Retest Reliability
  • Parallel-Forms (Alternate-Forms) Reliability
  • Internal Consistency Reliability
  • Inter-Rater (Inter-Coder) Reliability
  • The Limit Even a Reliable Instrument Cannot Cross

Unlock this answer and 1,500+ more

  • 1,500+ solved UPSC Sociology PYQs from 1985 to 2026, Paper-1 and Paper-2
  • Topic-wise across all 25 syllabus units, newest exam year first
  • A full model answer for every question, shaped to 10 or 20 marks, with thinkers and Indian examples
  • Read online on lotusarise.com, plus PDF download

₹1,499₹2,50040% off

Get Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions @ ₹1,499 →

One-time payment · 12 months of access · Instant access · UPI, cards, RuPay

See every Research Methods and Analysis question (63 solved) →Already enrolled? Log in