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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

What are the major problems faced by the labour migrants while working in informal sectors of Indian States?

  • UPSC 2025
  • 10 marks
  • Industrialization and Urbanisation in India

India's internal migration is vast and almost entirely informal. Census 2011 counted about 45.6 crore internal migrants; the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister's 2024 estimate placed domestic migrants at roughly 40 crore in 2023, and Ravi Srivastava puts short-term circular migrants alone near six crore. Their central difficulty is structural: they are citizens…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Recruited by an intermediary, not employed by anyone
  • Entitlements that stop at the state border
  • Language, documents and local hostility
  • Shelter, health, schooling and women migrants
  • Conclusion

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