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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Urban slums are sites of social exclusion – explain.

  • UPSC 2021
  • 10 marks
  • Industrialization and Urbanisation in India

The Indian slum occupies a contradiction: its labour is indispensable to the city and its residence is illegal in the city. Amitabh Kundu names the outcome exclusionary urbanisation — growth that absorbs the poor as workers while refusing them as citizens. Exclusion here is not a condition slums fall into but a set of acts…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Exclusion is done, not suffered
  • Spatial and legal exclusion
  • Economic and symbolic exclusion
  • The counter-case: slums as sites of incorporation
  • Conclusion

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