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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

“Trump’s return to the White House is a jolt to push the European Union to invest in its own defence and economic and technological revival.” Comment.

  • UPSC 2025
  • 15 marks
  • Changing International Political Order

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Since 1949 Western Europe has relied on Washington for hard security through NATO and integrated under that umbrella, the arrangement Josef Joffe called "Europe's American pacifier" (1984). Donald Trump's second term turned an old complaint about burden-sharing into doubt about the guarantee itself. The statement is right about the jolt; whether it produces strategic autonomy…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Why the jolt is real
  • How the Union has responded
  • Limits of the jolt
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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