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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Transnational actors have qualitatively transformed the world by the way of their fresh insights and actions. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

  • UPSC 2025, 2013
  • 15 marks
  • Key Concepts in International Relations

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Transnational actors operate across state boundaries and influence world politics without acting for any government. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr. (Transnational Relations and World Politics, 1972) showed that such interactions were large, growing and consequential. The claim of qualitative change holds if it means they altered what states must do, not that…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • An old actor at a new scale
  • Fresh insights: changing what states believe
  • Fresh actions: changing what states can do
  • The limits of the claim
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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