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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“These religio-reform movements were national in content but religious in form. It was in the later stages of our national existence, that nationalism found exclusively or predominantly secular forms.” Comment in about 200 words.

  • UPSC 1985
  • Social and Religious Reform Movements in Bengal and Other Areas

The nineteenth-century socio-religious reform movements dressed a search for collective self-respect in the vocabulary of scripture, because religion — not citizenship — was the only shared idiom available to a colonised people.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why Religion Was the Necessary Vehicle
  • The Later Shift to Secular Nationalism

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