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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

“There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan.” Explain.

  • UPSC 2017
  • Population and Settlement Geography

Stage 5 of the demographic transition — the post-transitional, declining stage appended to the model of Thompson (1929) and Notestein (1945) — is today occupied jointly by West Europe and Japan, and the resemblance is structural, not coincidental.

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What the full answer covers

  • Sustained Sub-Replacement Fertility Over Four Decades
  • The Second Demographic Transition as the Shared Causal Engine
  • Value and Family Change
  • Economic Constraint
  • Record Longevity and Constrictive Age Pyramids
  • Negative Natural Increase and Absolute Decline
  • …and 2 more sections, with a conclusion

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