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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

The urbanisation process is particularly pronounced in Asia and Africa, where too many urban residents grapple with extreme poverty, exclusion, vulnerability and marginalisation. Discuss.

  • UPSC 2024
  • Population and Settlement Geography

Over-urbanisation — urban growth outrunning the economy's capacity to employ and service it — was named by Kingsley Davis and Hilda Golden (1954) for precisely the Asian and African case: urbanisation without commensurate industrialisation, unlike nineteenth-century Europe where factory employment absorbed the migrant.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The Structural Setting: Growth Decoupled from Industrialisation
  • Extreme Poverty: The Locus of Poverty Shifts from Village to Slum
  • Exclusion: Denial of Tenure, Services and Voice
  • Vulnerability: Exposure to Environmental and Economic Shock
  • Marginalisation: Social and Spatial Peripheralisation
  • The Counter-Case: Cities Still Deliver, and Governance Is the Variable

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