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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“The unification of Italy completed the destruction of the European order.” Comment.

  • UPSC 1997
  • Nation-State System

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The claim credits Italian unification with finishing off the post-1815 European order, but the evidence suggests Italy's role was real yet secondary — the destruction was cumulative, spread across decades and driven at least as much by German unification and the underlying logic of nationalism itself.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Case That Italian Unification Destroyed the Vienna Order
  • The Case Against Treating Italy as the Order's "Completion"
  • A Balanced Assessment
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