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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

‘The sponsors of the overseas expansion of Europe were national monarchies.’ Comment.

  • UPSC 1992
  • Origins of Modern Politics

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Europe's age of overseas expansion, from the late fifteenth century onward, was launched and sustained not by private adventurers acting alone but chiefly by the consolidating national monarchies of the Iberian Peninsula, England, France, and the Netherlands, whose resources, patronage, and rivalry made oceanic exploration possible.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why Monarchies, and Not Private Enterprise Alone, Led Expansion
  • Portugal and Spain: The Pioneering Monarchical Sponsors
  • England, France, and the Dutch: The Chartered-Company Model
  • Motives Behind Monarchical Sponsorship
  • Qualifications to the Monarchical-Sponsorship Thesis
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