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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“The roots of Chartism and partly political and partly economic.” Elaborate.

  • UPSC 2011
  • Origins of Modern Politics

Chartism, Britain's first mass working-class political movement, cannot be explained by either strand of causation alone — it grew from the intersection of a specific political betrayal and a broader economic crisis of early industrial capitalism, and understanding either in isolation misreads the movement.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Political Root: A Constitution That Excluded the Producer
  • The Economic Root: The "Bread and Cheese Question"
  • Why the Two Strands Cannot Be Separated

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