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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

The rise of nationalism across nations shattered the chains which held together the empires of modem Europe. Discuss.

  • UPSC 2021
  • Nation-State System

Nineteenth-century nationalism operated as a double-edged force: the very ideology that fused scattered German and Italian states into new nations simultaneously fractured the old multinational empires — Ottoman, Habsburg, and Russian — that had governed Europe's diverse peoples for centuries.

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What the full answer covers

  • Nationalism as an Ideology Directed Against Empire
  • The Ottoman Empire: The "Eastern Question" as Nationalism's Battlefield
  • The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism as the Empire's Internal Enemy
  • The Russian Empire: Polish and Peripheral Nationalism
  • The Same Force, Read the Other Way: Nationalism as Integration

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