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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“The Renaissance and the Reformation are the two springs of modern history, rival sources of the intellectual and moral freshening of modem life.” Comment.

  • UPSC 1995
  • Enlightenment and Modern Ideas

The image of "two springs" captures how modernity drew simultaneously from two distinct but overlapping wells — one intellectual and secular, the other moral and religious.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Renaissance as Intellectual Spring
  • The Reformation as Moral Spring
  • Where the Two Springs Ran as Rivals
  • Where the Two Springs Converged

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