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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

‘The relations of the Native States, however conducted are essentially with the British Crown and not with the Indian Government.’ Comment.

  • UPSC 1991
  • Constitutional Developments in Colonial India, 1858-1935

This formulation — the core finding of the Butler Committee (1927–29) — encapsulates the constitutional fiction that paramountcy belonged to the Crown alone, never to the Government of India as an institution in its own right.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Origins of the Doctrine
  • Why the Distinction Mattered Politically
  • The Underlying Contradiction

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