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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“The pre-Marxian socialist thinkers envisioned socialist societies without fully considering the practical mechanisms for achieving or maintaining them.”

  • UPSC 2025
  • Enlightenment and Modern Ideas

The generation of socialists before Karl Marx — later dismissed by Marx and Engels as "utopian socialists" — produced vivid and morally serious visions of a cooperative, exploitation-free society, but consistently left the question of how such a society would actually be reached and sustained badly under-theorised.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the History Optional PYQ Master Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Vision Without a Theory of Achievement
  • Absence of a Theory of Maintenance
  • Marx and Engels' Critique as Confirmation of the Gap
  • Assessing the Fairness of the Critique

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