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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

The Permanent Settlement was a “bold, brave and wise measure.” Comment.

  • UPSC 1997
  • Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule

Introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 under Lord Cornwallis, the Permanent Settlement was, by the standards of eighteenth-century colonial administration, an undeniably audacious gamble — the question is whether its audacity translated into genuine wisdom once its long-run consequences unfolded.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Case for Boldness: What It Replaced
  • The Case for "Wisdom": Intended Economic, Political, and Social Rationale
  • The Verdict of Consequences: Why "Wise" Does Not Hold
  • Weighing Boldness Against Wisdom

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