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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“The language of narrow nationalism held at Frankfurt destroyed the German Revolution; as the fatal idea of aggrandisement of the House of Savoy destroyed the Italian Revolution.” Discuss.

  • UPSC 2014
  • Nation-State System

In both Germany and Italy, the popular, republican-democratic revolutions of 1848 were overtaken and ultimately hijacked by narrower elite projects — one exclusionary-nationalist, the other dynastic-expansionist.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Frankfurt Parliament and the Trap of Narrow Nationalism
  • Cavour, the House of Savoy, and the Marginalisation of Mazzinian Nationalism
  • A Shared Pattern: Popular Revolution Captured by Narrower Agendas

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