History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer
The ideas raised by Enlightenment thinkers were profoundly unsettling and unknowable to old regime society and political order.
- UPSC 2024
- Enlightenment and Modern Ideas
The Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries produced a body of ideas — reason, natural rights, popular sovereignty, and religious scepticism — that struck directly at the ideological foundations on which old regime Europe, especially pre-1789 France, had rested for centuries.
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What the full answer covers
- Undermining Divine-Right Monarchy
- Attacking Hereditary Privilege
- Challenging Church Authority
- Promoting Individual Liberty
- Economic Critique of Feudal Restriction
- From Unsettling Ideas to Revolution — and Their Limits
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