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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

“The environmental movements have challenged the policy and pattern of economic development in post – independent India.” Analyse with examples.

  • UPSC 2009
  • Social Movements

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Post-independence planning rested on a consensus: state-led, capital-intensive industrialisation, with dams as Jawaharlal Nehru’s “temples of modern India” (Bhakra, 1954) and forests, rivers and minerals as state-owned inputs. From the 1970s environmental movements contested both the policy (what the state decided, and how) and the pattern (who paid and who gained).

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What the full answer covers

  • What they challenged
  • The ideas behind the challenge
  • How the components interact
  • Limits of the challenge
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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