History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer
“The emergence of Gandhi signified the Indianization of the national movement.” Analyze with reference to his early movements between 1917-1922.
- UPSC 2025
- Rise of Gandhi and the Gandhian Era
Before Gandhi, Indian nationalism had been substantially the preserve of an English-educated elite speaking the idiom of Western constitutionalism; between 1917 and 1922, Gandhi's successive campaigns rooted the movement instead in vernacular language, indigenous ethical categories, and the direct grievances of peasants, workers, and ordinary people.
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What the full answer covers
- Champaran (1917): Localising the Struggle in the Peasant's World
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918): Indigenous Method in Industrial Conflict
- Kheda Satyagraha (1918): No-Tax Resistance and Peasant Mobilisation
- Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919): The First All-India Mass Strike
- Khilafat–Non-Cooperation (1920–22): Full Indianization of Organisation and Idiom
- Assessing the "Indianization" Claim
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