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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

‘The 1848 revolutions frightened the crowned heads of Europe and caused several to abdicate. Those who remained were cognizant of the threats posed by liberalism, nationalism and socialism.’ Comment.

  • UPSC 2020
  • Revolution and Counter-Revolution

The Revolutions of 1848 did not merely shake European thrones for a season — they produced a genuine wave of royal and ministerial collapse, and permanently altered how surviving monarchies understood and managed political threat.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Wave of Abdications and Falls
  • Recognising the Triple Threat: Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism
  • The Post-1848 Ruling-Class Response: Co-optation over Blanket Repression

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