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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

“Slums are both a product and a symptom of urban exclusion.” Examine with suitable examples from Indian metropolitan cities.

  • 15 marks
  • Settlements

Slums are the most visible face of inequality in Indian urbanisation. The Census of India (2011) counted 65.49 million slum dwellers — 13.75 million households, or 17.4 per cent of all urban households — with nearly 38 per cent confined to million-plus cities. The statement is analytically exact: slums are a product of urban exclusion…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • What "urban exclusion" means for the city
  • Why slums are a product of urban exclusion
  • 1. Exclusion from the formal housing market
  • 2. Elite-centric planning and master-plan failure
  • 3. Tenure insecurity and legal exclusion
  • 4. Displacement and redevelopment that reproduce exclusion
  • …and 10 more sections, with a conclusion

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