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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

‘Rousseau kindled a hope which became the spirit of the Enlightenment’. Critically examine.

  • UPSC 2022
  • Enlightenment and Modern Ideas

The claim credits Jean-Jacques Rousseau with lighting the moral and political imagination of the Enlightenment — yet Rousseau is also the thinker most historians identify as having launched the Enlightenment's most searching internal revolt.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Hope Rousseau Kindled: Inequality, Popular Sovereignty, and the General Will
  • Romanticism and the Cult of Feeling
  • Critical Examination: The Counter-Enlightenment Within the Hope
  • Resolving the Paradox

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