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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Karl Popper presents a defence of the open society against its enemies. Elaborate.

  • UPSC 2025
  • 15 marks
  • Western Political Thought

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Karl Raimund Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) was written against fascism and Stalinism. It defends a society in which individuals are confronted with personal decisions, institutions are open to criticism, and rulers can be removed without violence. Its defence begins in epistemology.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • The Foundation: Critical Rationalism
  • Naming the Enemies
  • The Positive Defence
  • Limits
  • The Indian Illustration
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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