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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

“Political parties and pressure groups are sine qua non of democracy.” Comment.

  • UPSC 2021
  • 10 marks
  • Politics of Representation and Participation

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The statement treats two forms of organised participation as conditions without which representative democracy cannot work. They do different jobs: in Gabriel A. Almond's functional scheme, groups articulate interests and parties aggregate them into governing choices. The claim holds as a statement of necessity, but not of sufficiency.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why parties are indispensable
  • Why pressure groups are indispensable
  • The limits of the claim
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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