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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Neo-liberalism lightened neo-realism’s dark view of international politics. Comment.

  • UPSC 2025
  • 10 marks
  • Approaches to the Study of International Relations

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Neo-realism, set out by Kenneth N. Waltz in Theory of International Politics (1979), drew a bleak picture: anarchy compels self-help and cooperation stays fragile. Neo-liberal institutionalism, chiefly Robert O. Keohane's After Hegemony (1984), accepted the same premises and still found room for durable cooperation. The statement is largely true, but the lightening has clear limits.

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What the full answer covers

  • The dark view
  • How neo-liberalism lightened it
  • Limits of the lightening
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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