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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Nation-State is currently exposed to disintegrative tendencies from within and integrative tendencies from without. Elucidate the statement in the context of developments in Europe.

  • UPSC 1993
  • Changing International Political Order

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The Westphalian nation-state joins a sovereign territorial state to a single national community. In the early 1990s Europe saw both halves of that formula strained at once: nations broke out of multinational states, while states pooled sovereignty in Brussels. James N. Rosenau later called this simultaneous process "fragmegration", and Benjamin R. Barber framed it as…

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What the full answer covers

  • Disintegrative tendencies from within
  • Integrative tendencies from without
  • How the two pressures interact
  • The nation-state persists
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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