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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

“Moral claims of today become the human rights of tomorrow.” Trace the efforts in the international protection of human rights in the twentieth century.

  • UPSC 2001
  • Contemporary Global Concerns

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The maxim describes how rights are made. A grievance is first voiced as a moral demand by activists. It is then written into declarations and finally into treaties with monitoring bodies. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) model this as a norm life cycle: emergence through norm entrepreneurs, a cascade of state acceptance, and internalisation.…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Before 1945: moral claims without a regime
  • 1945–1966: from claim to codified standard
  • 1966–1989: monitoring and new claimants
  • The 1990s: universality and accountability
  • Assessing the maxim
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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