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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“India broke her British fetters with western hammers.” Comment.

  • UPSC 1997
  • Social and Cultural Developments

The paradox at the heart of India's freedom struggle is that many of the very instruments the British built to consolidate their rule became the tools with which Indians eventually dismantled it.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Ideological Hammer: Western Education and Liberal Thought
  • The Institutional Hammer: Unintended Infrastructure of Nationhood
  • The Cultural-Psychological Hammer: Rediscovered Confidence

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