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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“India broke her British fetters with Western hammers.” Comment.

  • UPSC 2002
  • Social and Cultural Developments

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British rule imported not just railways and English primers but an entire apparatus of modern political life — legislatures, associations, a free press, and an economic vocabulary of critique — all of which Indians turned against the empire that introduced them.

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What the full answer covers

  • Liberal-Constitutional Institutions Turned Into Platforms of Protest
  • Economic Critique Using the West's Own Analytical Categories
  • International Example: Europe's Own Revolutions as Inspiration
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