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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Identify the distinct stages of colonialism in India. How did these stages affect the Indian economy?

  • UPSC 1991
  • Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule

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Nationalist and Marxist historians, notably Bipan Chandra drawing on R.P. Dutt and Hamza Alavi, read British colonialism in India not as a static condition but as an evolving structure of exploitation passing through distinguishable stages, each geared to a different phase of British capitalism.

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What the full answer covers

  • Stage I: Mercantilism and Monopoly Trade Capital (c. 1757–1813)
  • Stage II: Industrial Capital and Free-Trade Colonialism (c. 1813–late 19th century)
  • Stage III: Finance Capital and Monopoly Capital (c. late 19th century–1947)
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