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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

How was Italy transformed from a ‘geographical expression’ to a nation-state?

  • UPSC 2019
  • Nation-State System

Metternich's dismissal of Italy as merely "a geographic expression" described a real absence of political unity in 1815 that had to be built, layer by layer, through culture, ideology, diplomacy, and revolution.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the History Optional PYQ Master Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The Starting Point: A Mere Geographic Expression
  • Cultural and Intellectual Groundwork
  • Mazzini's Ideological Mobilisation
  • Cavour's Economic and Diplomatic Statecraft
  • Garibaldi's Popular Revolutionary Contribution
  • Completing the State: Venetia and Rome
  • …and 1 more sections, with a conclusion

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