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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

How did the Mongol invasions affect the Delhi Sultanate and the north-western frontier policy of the Delhi Sultans?

  • UPSC 2012
  • The Fourteenth Century

The Mongol threat was not a series of isolated raids absorbed and forgotten; it was a near-continuous structural pressure running from the 1220s to the 1330s that shaped how successive Sultans organized their armies, garrisoned their frontier, financed their treasuries, and even managed succession within the ruling elite. K.A. Nizami periodizes the Sultanate's response into…

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What the full answer covers

  • Iltutmish: Calculated Aloofness in the Face of Chingez Khan
  • Balban: Appeasement, Frontier Fortification, and Personal Loss
  • Alauddin Khalji: From Repulse to Permanent Fortification
  • Structural and Long-Run Effects on Sultanate Administration

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