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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

How are ocean currents generated? Discuss their effects on coastal climates with special reference to the Pacific Ocean.

  • UPSC 2023
  • Oceanography

Ocean currents are large, fairly regular masses of water moving in a definite direction, generated not by a single cause but by a combination of wind stress, density differences, and the Earth's rotation, further shaped by coastline configuration and sea-floor relief.

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What the full answer covers

  • How Ocean Currents Are Generated
  • General Principle — How Currents Shape Coastal Climate
  • Special Reference: The Pacific Ocean's Two Climatic Faces
  • Conclusion

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