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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Give a sketch of Indian trade with Europe during the Mughal period.

  • UPSC 2013
  • Economy and Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries

Between the mid-sixteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries, India's trade with Europe expanded dramatically in volume, value and geographic reach, transforming from an occasional, Portuguese-dominated exchange into a dense, multi-company network spanning the subcontinent's coasts.

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What the full answer covers

  • Textiles: The Dominant Export
  • Saltpetre and Indigo: The Strategic and Dye Exports
  • Other Commodities in the Export Basket
  • Imports: A Much Narrower Basket
  • Trade Routes Connecting India to Europe
  • An Institutional Backbone: Companies, Credit and Regional Competition

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