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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Factors in internal migration are often based on perceptions rather than reality. Explain.

  • UPSC 2025
  • Population and Settlement Geography

Internal migration — 45.6 crore migrants in Census 2011, a migration rate of 28.9% in the Migration in India 2020–21 survey — is usually read as a rational response to wage gaps.

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What the full answer covers

  • Place Utility and the Limits of the Rational Migrant
  • Lee's Asymmetry: A Known Origin, an Imagined Destination
  • Todaro: Perception Made Measurable
  • The Manufacture of the Urban Image
  • The Counter-Image of the Village
  • Where Perception Met Reality

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